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Amazon’s favorite electric vehicle company is now worth more than Ford or GM

<div><img class="ff-og-image-inserted" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/fwtcWqLmVqDd7SZGECPKTQs9MfQ=/0x413:2879x1920/fit-in/1200x630/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22815965/rivian_r1t_1_1.jpg" /></div>
Rivian went public on Wednesday, <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/electric-vehicle-startup-rivian-goes-public-in-largest-u-s-ipo-since-2014-11636555266">marking the largest IPO</a> in the United States since 2014. The electric pickup and SUV manufacturer priced its stock at $78 a share and raised about $12 billion, which the company plans to spend on boosting production and designing more vehicle models. While that price set Rivian’s valuation at around $70 billion, the carmaker’s market capitalization surged above <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/10/amazon-backed-ev-start-up-rivian-set-to-go-public-.html">$90 billion</a>, after the stock started trading at nearly $107 a share on its first day.
Rivian <a href="https://rivian.com/newsroom/article/rivian-announces-confidential-submission-of-draft-registration-statement">filed</a> for an initial public offering <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-27/rivian-is-said-to-file-for-ipo-seek-about-80-billion-valuation?sref=Wg6QzS2e">back in August</a>. The 12-year-old company, which is backed by Amazon and considered one of the biggest threats to Tesla, is now one of the world’s most valuable automakers, worth <a href="https://www.barrons.com/articles/rivian-ipo-ev-trucker-maker-stock-valuation-51630101566">billions more than Ford or GM</a> — even though, as of October, it’s only delivered 156 vehicles. Rivian’s first vehicle, a $73,000 pickup, started shipping in September, and a second model, a $75,500 seven-seat SUV, is supposed to be released next year.
Rivian’s timing is good in some ways. This summer, President Joe Biden issued an executive order that called for electric vehicles to account for half of all new auto sales in the United States <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/05/biden-pushes-for-evs-to-make-up-40percent-or-more-of-us-auto-sales-by-2030.html">by 2030</a>, and a growing number of legacy automakers have committed to shifting their production <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/gm-go-all-electric-2035-phase-out-gas-diesel-engines-n1256055">to electric vehicles</a> in the next two decades.
But as the world continues to struggle with the pandemic, Rivian faces some serious challenges. A shortage of semiconductors has caused delays and production halts across the auto industry. There also aren’t that <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/24/cnbc-road-test-the-us-ev-charging-network-isnt-ready-for-your-family-road-trip-let-alone-the-expected-wave-of-new-cars.html">many charging stations</a> available across the US, leaving some potential EV buyers worried about running out of juice.
“It’s a big deal that more public infrastructure is available,” Jeremy Michalek, an engineering and public policy professor at Carnegie Mellon, told Recode in August. “Probably the first priority is making sure there are enough fast chargers available on highway rest stops so that you can take your vehicle wherever you want to go.”
Like Tesla, Rivian is <a href="https://rivian.com/support/article/where-can-i-charge">selling home chargers</a> and <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2021/07/21/rivian-is-installing-ev-chargers-in-tennessees-56-state-parks/">developing a nationwide charging network</a>. The company plans to have 10,000 stations available by the end of 2023, many of which will be in remote areas. Also as Tesla has done, Rivian is taking an AI-focused approach to its vehicles. Rivian has invested heavily in its hands-free, semi-autonomous driving technology with <a href="https://rivian.com/support/article/what-features-are-included-in-rivian-driver">a suite of features called Driver+</a>, which sounds a lot like Tesla’s Autopilot. In a lawsuit, Tesla even accused Rivian of stealing its trade secrets after <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-30/tesla-can-move-forward-with-trade-secret-suit-against-rivian?sref=Wg6QzS2e">hiring its former employees</a>.
But a big difference between Rivian and Tesla is the type of electric vehicles the two companies are selling. After being founded in 2009 and remaining secretive for years, Rivian announced in 2018 that its first models would be a pickup truck and an SUV meant for <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/news/39291/rivian-is-not-messing-around-with-its-off-road-tests-of-the-r1t">off-road driving</a>. That’s a notable difference from Tesla, which has focused primarily on selling cars and crossovers. (Tesla announced its first pickup truck, the Cybertruck, in 2019, but deliveries have been <a href="https://electrek.co/2021/08/07/tesla-confirms-cybertruck-electric-pickup-delay-2022/">delayed until 2022</a>.)
Rivian is also appealing to commercial clients, including its own influential backers. After participating in two funding rounds for the startup, Amazon last year <a data-cdata="{"rewritten_url":"https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/transportation/introducing-amazons-first-custom-electric-delivery-vehicle?ascsubtag=[]vx[p]22413324[m]m-placeholder[s]s-placeholder[t]w[c]c-placeholder[r]r-placeholder[d]d-placeholder","subtag_max_length":99,"subtag_delim_length":2,"subtag_key":"ascsubtag","subtag_data":{"ascsubtag":"[]vx[p]22413324[m]m-placeholder[s]s-placeholder[t]w[c]c-placeholder[r]r-placeholder[d]d-placeholder"},"encode_subtag":false}" has-subtag="true" href="https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/transportation/introducing-amazons-first-custom-electric-delivery-vehicle">committed to buying 100,000 electric delivery vehicles</a> from Rivian by 2030. Former Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos and three other passengers on Blue Origin’s first flight with humans aboard even <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/21/22587043/jeff-bezos-space-blue-origin-rivian-electric-truck">rode in a Rivian SUV</a> to the launch site.
Ford, which has its own plans to release an electric version of its popular F-150 pickup truck next year, has also invested more than <a href="https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2019/04/24/rivian-500-million-investment-ford.html">half a billion dollars</a> into the electric car startup.
There’s no doubt that Biden is enthusiastic about electric vehicles. The Biden administration has already started to electrify the <a href="https://www.eenews.net/articles/federal-fleet-electrification-faces-delays/">entire federal fleet of cars, SUVs, and trucks</a>, <a href="https://www.vox.com/22364340/electric-cars-biden-infrastructure-plan-evs-chargers">more than 600,000 vehicles</a>. Meanwhile, the White House and congressional Democrats are pushing for the Postal Service to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/05/09/usps-trucks-electric-biden/">purchase as many as 165,000 electric delivery trucks</a>. The <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/08/fact-sheet-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal-boosts-clean-energy-jobs-strengthens-resilience-and-advances-environmental-justice/">most recent version</a> of Biden’s bipartisan infrastructure proposal includes $7.5 billion to build a national network of electric vehicle chargers. (Tesla CEO Elon Musk has also <a href="https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a38135245/tesla-opens-superchargers-to-other-brands-pilot/">begun</a> to open Tesla Superchargers to <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2021/07/20/elon-musk-tesla-to-open-up-global-charging-network-to-other-evs-later-this-year/">electric vehicles from other manufacturers</a>.)
But while EVs are getting more popular globally, the US faces slower growth than China or Europe. Last year, global electric vehicle sales <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2021?mode=overview">grew by 41 percent</a>, according to the International Energy Agency, an intergovernmental energy policy advising organization. While sales of electric vehicles in the US trail behind those in China and Europe, sales of hybrid cars <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2021/08/06/electric-vehicle-ev-hybrid-car/">are growing</a>, a sign that more consumers could warm to electric vehicles down the line.
In a <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/06/07/todays-electric-vehicle-market-slow-growth-in-u-s-faster-in-china-europe/">recent Pew survey</a>, some 7 percent of Americans said they owned an electric or hybrid vehicle, and 39 percent said they’d consider buying one. The higher price of EVs <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/09/business/energy-environment/biden-electric-cars-cost.html">is certainly a contributing factor</a> to the slower adoption rate in the US. But the price of <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-16/electric-cars-are-about-to-be-as-cheap-as-gas-powered-models?sref=Wg6QzS2e">batteries</a>, which are the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/energy/where-we-are-on-the-road-to-electric-vehicles/2021/08/05/0b71bbea-f617-11eb-a636-18cac59a98dc_story.html">costliest part</a> of electric vehicles, is falling, so Americans could see cheaper EVs in the future.
Pandemic-era hurdles have also plagued the auto industry. Rivian, which was originally supposed to release its pickup truck in July, twice postponed delivery of the vehicles. Late last month, Rivian founder and CEO RJ Scaringe <a href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-rivian-ev-truck-launch-delayed-20210720-daea475ggvdhppaqncs74yfxru-story.html">told customers who had preordered vehicles</a> that Covid-19 had interfered with everything from “facility construction, to equipment installation, to vehicle component supply (especially semiconductors).” The same chip shortage forced Tesla to <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2021/8/5/22611031/chip-shortage-cars-electronics-automakers-gm-tesla-playstation-xbox">rewrite code for its vehicles</a>, and experts are worried that a lack of semiconductors could delay production of the new electric Ford F-150.
Still, if Tesla’s runaway success is any indication, Rivian stands to find eager, outdoorsy customers who want an EV that goes off-road. Considering the present challenges, the company is leaning hard on standing apart from Tesla and the growing number of legacy automakers that want a slice of the EV market. GM will start delivering an electric version of its GMC Hummer truck before <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/gmc-hummer-ev-price-horsepower-interior-release-date-2021-10">the end of the year</a>. And Jeep is <a href="https://www.axios.com/long-road-to-bidens-electric-car-goal-c5db4623-c3b8-4b54-bdd8-bdedabd41a94.html">expected</a> to release an electric version of its Wrangler by 2023. President Biden <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nc8ru0WqpN0">has already given one a test drive</a>.
Update, November 10, 2:15 pm: This story was updated to include news of Rivian going public.
 
 
source <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/22649283/rivian-ipo-tesla-suv-pickup-electric-vehicles-ev">https://www.vox.com/recode/22649283/rivian-ipo-tesla-suv-pickup-electric-vehicles-ev</a>

vox Amazon’s favorite electric vehicle company is now worth more than Ford or GM

Rivian went public on Wednesday, marking the largest IPO in the United States since 2014. The electric pickup and SUV manufacturer priced ...

How Netflix’s adaptation of Passing reflects the novel’s time — and ours

Halfway through Nella Larsen’s 1929 novel Passing, the book’s protagonist, Irene Redfield, is feeling uneasy. She has just had a tense argument with her husband. Now, watching him fiddle with his hat, Irene is worrying: “Was she never to be free of it, that fear which crouched, always, deep down within her, stealing away the sense of security, the feeling of permanence, from the life which she had so admirably arranged for them all, and desired so ardently to have remain as it was?”
Larsen’s book is suffused with that sense of unease, the feeling that one wrong move might undo a life entirely, that the structures on which our families, routines, and even identities rest are precarious. And the new Netflix movie based on Larsen’s book, adapted for the screen by Rebecca Hall and starring Tessa Thompson and Ruth Negga, brings Larsen’s prose — unease and all — to vibrant, visual life.
The story transitions seamlessly to the screen in part because the “passing” of the title refers primarily (though not exclusively) to its main characters’ ability, in a segregated society, to “pass” as white. The story centers on Irene (Thompson) and a childhood friend, Clare Kendry (Negga), with whom Irene unexpectedly reconnects one day at a whites-only hotel. Both women are Black, having parents or grandparents who were Black, but both are also light-skinned enough for white people of similar social class to assume otherwise.
Irene normally spends her time in Black society in Harlem, and has married a successful Black doctor named Brian (André Holland), with whom she has two children. Her visit to the hotel is simply an escape from the heat outside, and enabled by what she knows: She can conceal her identity for convenience’s sake.
<figure class="e-image"><picture class="c-picture" data-cid="site/picture_element-1636584555_6180_30915" data-cdata='{"asset_id":23002110,"ratio":"*"}'><source srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/PK4PN7lYn-XF84ZhL0PENoC0BXA=/0x0:2048x1536/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/V5u0Q1ehNkjwaJe9r3CJK8vuIxI=/0x0:2048x1536/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/pi16r6u5Sfd_PBxki6up7CzJofc=/0x0:2048x1536/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/NFlsL13K2MiElxVqPrewe1fvt0c=/0x0:2048x1536/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/k49puqHAToph8LeHnK_P_6NpvFA=/0x0:2048x1536/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0McL7Gnr9oBxK7VVfM3jNk-oeEY=/0x0:2048x1536/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/IYnBwk16QTMGMF8-m4tgIEbL64k=/0x0:2048x1536/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6hY0g7wnMWtPU6K0eybZUoqKLF8=/0x0:2048x1536/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/uA0eHLqqfvrU9yp572Hv37iOTp0=/0x0:2048x1536/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" type="image/webp" /> <img alt="A man looks at a woman, who is in the foreground. The image is in black and white." data-upload-width="2048" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/GdmhcBM3fCR2DKpzIxX0NWb0L9M=/0x0:2048x1536/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/nNwQV1ZGmFx9d95qJQrEzvAgZSY=/0x0:2048x1536/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/wKvI1mhpX3ALmkjj-ozgO2xyft8=/0x0:2048x1536/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/tRZCkKSII3razc7OcWoe6Wh8RJI=/0x0:2048x1536/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/OVfCqtaUONLCojFzPa1NRV0O2sg=/0x0:2048x1536/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/I2eYueE0kvS_cxfY0hfgvI8dLL8=/0x0:2048x1536/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/N3aaa1JWyGmXt0V82Q8PXLiXvYA=/0x0:2048x1536/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qeZsph1oLpwRYfDU731AereEAFE=/0x0:2048x1536/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Bjl_nQy7jNfRVzIMqTUpDxEyxKA=/0x0:2048x1536/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/lbPetai6imxguaGtheYhQA2lbI4=/0x0:2048x1536/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2048x1536):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002110/passing4.jpg 1920w" /></picture>
<figcaption>André Holland and Tessa Thompson in Passing.</figcaption>
<cite>Courtesy of Netflix</cite></figure>
Clare, on the other hand, is married to a white man (Alexander Skarsgård), who not only doesn’t know his wife’s ancestry but is actively racist, and virulently hostile toward Black people. The couple have a daughter. And Clare has spent her adult life happily living the life she’s chosen, though her encounter with Irene awakens a kind of curiosity in her about the culture she so willingly left behind.
Passing was published just after World War I, at a time when American culture was changing rapidly, and in which the definitions of race, sexuality, and gender categories were in flux. There was a lot of anxiety in the US about people crossing “the color line.” White people who fancied themselves sophisticated might go to Harlem to encounter what they viewed as Black culture. (In fact, what they increasingly encountered was Black culture manufactured for their expectations — in essence, a tourist experience.)
The novel isn’t only about race and about colorism, though it certainly is about that. It’s also about the myriad sorts of “passing” that its characters engage in — living in a social class or even conforming to gender stereotypes in which they don’t feel quite comfortable. That’s why, almost a century after it was first published, the book is often viewed as a groundbreaking novel of intersectionality: Clare and Irene are just as much beholden to their roles as wealthy women as they are to their racial identity, and those factors are inextricably linked.
Larsen was intimately familiar with the world that Clare and Irene are navigating. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/obituaries/overlooked-nella-larsen.html">She was born</a> to a white Danish immigrant mother, with a father who was most likely Afro-Caribbean, though he disappeared from her life when she was young. Her mother married a white man and together they had a son, but family life was often fraught. When Larsen was still a child, her family had to move neighborhoods when they encountered discrimination — because of her.
After attending Fisk University, an HCBU, Larsen married Elmer Imes, one of the first two Black Americans to hold a PhD in physics, and moved to Harlem. They became friends with figures like W.E.B. Du Bois and were part of the Harlem Renaissance. While working as a librarian and a nurse, Larsen published stories and, in 1928, her first novel, Quicksand, which also centers on a mixed-race woman navigating a world that’s springloaded with traps for her.
<figure class="e-image"><picture class="c-picture" data-cid="site/picture_element-1636584555_7422_30916" data-cdata='{"asset_id":23002114,"ratio":"*"}'><source srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/W78GBEhekW4o0Sz13vZl3ZnurJY=/0x0:2560x1438/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/mf1sr_DVxHjvQIhXa7V_6eVqpds=/0x0:2560x1438/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/mHQPFcHetrduS_PAZsMCWZ4ZO2w=/0x0:2560x1438/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/b9yZiRBQNwbb9FhWpNUXalsTl50=/0x0:2560x1438/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/q-h021CY5WK6jGYagxhbn_8MH7U=/0x0:2560x1438/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/B2tk7vhWuAYcFMM5JR2rNk1eN4c=/0x0:2560x1438/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Br2DpukOKguEE7DEVRnIdT1tv6U=/0x0:2560x1438/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/x3vqxQ3DMQvIpZcyV_Hfsz9h9ws=/0x0:2560x1438/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/i2_GjaTkRh00Pq-C4b5Zv4GxFhs=/0x0:2560x1438/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" type="image/webp" /> <img alt="Two women in garb from the 1920s holding flowers and walking down the street. The image is in black and white." data-upload-width="2560" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/OXRgunMxwQn9zkQEpr1u6O-AJ-c=/0x0:2560x1438/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/R1R4xSl4Ra55sUF-ZE9ajxSnRyg=/0x0:2560x1438/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/UTdNsw62YKmBtSXgknphJxWnT28=/0x0:2560x1438/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/3BM_8GaNoAVCSoEqpsMrtweKsFY=/0x0:2560x1438/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Y6BU9_W308t1CFCGIel89aJysuM=/0x0:2560x1438/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/7E2GY7FM9G1WOhM6IAoGzmQdlx8=/0x0:2560x1438/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/LuI1ul5MRxCR0TSs3x7HcxPRyWg=/0x0:2560x1438/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_RpbX_n76hDSrKtTsMSB2TOb6xs=/0x0:2560x1438/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/57x4fx5OIPnczWql1M-01ta6es0=/0x0:2560x1438/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/TcW0ttfIv8QP0mZHJUkyg_tdNnA=/0x0:2560x1438/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2560x1438):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002114/passing1.jpg 1920w" /></picture>
<figcaption>Ruth Negga and Tessa Thompson in Passing.</figcaption>
<cite>Courtesy of Netflix</cite></figure>
Her second novel, Passing, solidified Larsen’s place as one of the most influential novelists of the Harlem Renaissance, though the book’s critical evaluation waned and then waxed over time. A few years after Passing was published, Larsen became the first Black woman to be awarded a Guggenheim fellowship. But soon after, her marriage fell apart, and though she kept writing, none of her further work was published. In 1942, her estranged husband died, and so the alimony stopped, and Larsen turned back to nursing to support herself. She died in 1964, at the age of 72.
Given what happened to Larsen, it’s not hard to read Irene’s unease with her own life as a premonition, or perhaps descriptive of what Larsen was already feeling. But it’s also a wider sentiment, one that Rebecca Hall, in writing and directing the new film, understands.
Hall’s grandfather was Black, and, as she’s said in interviews, spent his whole life passing for white. So Passing spoke to her as a novel, and she spent many years trying to get a film adaptation made. “It’s only really through this journey of making this movie, and spending so much time with this book, that I really uncovered that and understood it,” <a href="https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/black-and-white-rebecca-hall-on-passing">she recently told an interviewer</a>. “I’ve found out the history of his family now, things that were obscured and erased. I’ve managed to get it back into my family’s life.” The movie, <a href="https://www.indiewire.com/2021/10/passing-rebecca-hall-interview-1234674475/">she says</a>, also helped her mother come to terms with her own family’s identity.
Yet Hall recognizes that while Passing is about race, it extends beyond one identity category — “intersectionality, and all these different aspects of women under the patriarchy, fluidity around sexual choices and boundaries, homosexuality and heterosexuality all come into play,” she said. “But [Larsen] didn’t know that she was writing some kind of intersectional tome.”
Mostly, Larsen focused on the psychological effect that playing roles has on those who occupy them. And that effect is emphasized by Passing’s structure. It’s a short novel (the copy I read was 114 pages long), broken into three sections labeled “Encounter,” “Re-Encounter,” and “Finale.” As in a good play, each of Passing’s “acts” is built around the subtle and unspoken power dynamic between its main characters and the people around them, all trying to speak, act, dress, and look like whatever they believe the situation requires. And while we have access to Irene’s interior life, the other characters remain opaque. We have to think, guess, and put ourselves in their place to understand what’s happening.
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<figcaption>Ruth Negga in Passing.</figcaption>
<cite>Courtesy of Netflix</cite></figure>
Hall emphasizes this theatricality by <a href="https://www.vox.com/22745191/black-white-movies-belfast-passing-cmon">shooting Passing in black and white</a>, which also serves to underline the constructed nature of the identities that are at play. After all, “Blackness” and “whiteness,” as well as traditional roles associated with gender, sexuality, and social class, are constructs with a long history behind them. The people who live in the midst of them find themselves hemmed in by those constructs — some more than others. In the first scene of Passing, the image is lit so brightly that Negga’s and Thompson’s skin tones seem to shift and change, a visual metaphor for the theme the film is about to explore.
The result is cool, elegant, and devastating, a film as tightly woven and plaintive as the source novel itself. It’s an artifact of its time, both 1929 and in 2021, when the questions around identity have morphed and shifted but are still relevant as ever. And they still leave us, individually and as a society, feeling uneasy about where we stand in relation to one another. Passing captures that feeling and challenges today’s audience to dwell with the discomfort, and wonder what it might mean to live a different way.
Passing is now streaming on Netflix.
 
 
source <a href="https://www.vox.com/22770529/passing-netflix-tessa-thompson-ruth-negga-nella-larsen-rebecca-hall">https://www.vox.com/22770529/passing-netflix-tessa-thompson-ruth-negga-nella-larsen-rebecca-hall</a>

vox How Netflix’s adaptation of Passing reflects the novel’s time — and ours

Halfway through Nella Larsen’s 1929 novel Passing , the book’s protagonist, Irene Redfield, is feeling uneasy. She has just had a tense argu...

The chip shortage has a silver lining

<div><img class="ff-og-image-inserted" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/C-2YEEGiTN45lGOD4Mm0k1NDWDE=/0x77:2800x1543/fit-in/1200x630/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23002166/GettyImages_1312588600.jpg" /></div>
Manufacturers haven’t overcome the <a href="https://link.vox.com/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudm94LmNvbS9yZWNvZGUvMjAyMS84LzUvMjI2MTEwMzEvY2hpcC1zaG9ydGFnZS1jYXJzLWVsZWN0cm9uaWNzLWF1dG9tYWtlcnMtZ20tdGVzbGEtcGxheXN0YXRpb24teGJveA/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaB49a83259">worldwide semiconductor shortage</a>. Gaming consoles like the PlayStation 5 <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly9rb3Rha3UuY29tL2hvdy10by1idXktYS1wczUtb3IteGJveC1zZXJpZXMteC1zLTE4NDczMjQ0MzI/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaB1a61928e">are still scarce</a>, automakers are delivering cars <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly9qYWxvcG5pay5jb20veW91ci1uZXctYm13LW1pZ2h0LW5vdC1oYXZlLWEtdG91Y2hzY3JlZW4tMTg0ODAwNTYyMg/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaB196e30cb">with missing features</a>, and Apple may end up producing <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmxvb21iZXJnLmNvbS9uZXdzL2FydGljbGVzLzIwMjEtMTAtMTIvYXBwbGUtcG9pc2VkLXRvLXNsYXNoLWlwaG9uZS1wcm9kdWN0aW9uLWdvYWxzLWR1ZS10by1jaGlwLWNydW5jaD9zcmVmPVdnNlF6UzJl/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaB8877f068">10 million fewer iPhones</a> in 2021. For a few companies, however, these <a href="https://www.vox.com/22757240/global-supply-chain-management-shortage-covid">supply chain woes</a> may have an unexpected upside.
The manufacturing delays abroad and relentless demand for consumer electronics have turned into a windfall for some chipmakers in the United States. Even lesser-known American manufacturers with aging or secondhand equipment have seen a surge in sales for the legacy chips, or microcontrollers, they produce. These parts are inexpensive to make but are <a href="https://link.vox.com/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudm94LmNvbS9yZWNvZGUvMjAyMS84LzUvMjI2MTEwMzEvY2hpcC1zaG9ydGFnZS1jYXJzLWVsZWN0cm9uaWNzLWF1dG9tYWtlcnMtZ20tdGVzbGEtcGxheXN0YXRpb24teGJveA/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaC49a83259">a critical component for many devices</a>, and as supply chain troubles have affected larger companies that focus on more advanced technologies, demand for the more basic chips has grown. Flush with customers, the companies that make these microcontrollers are now on a spending spree to boost their overall manufacturing capacity.
One Arizona-based semiconductor supplier, Microchip Technology, is investing in expensive new equipment and hiring more staff because its profits tripled last quarter, <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wOC90ZWNobm9sb2d5L2NvbXB1dGVyLWNoaXAtc2hvcnRhZ2UuaHRtbA/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaBff0f63d8">according to the New York Times</a>. GlobalFoundries, a chipmaker based in Malta, New York, announced in July that it would <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly9nZi5jb20vcHJlc3MtcmVsZWFzZS9nbG9iYWxmb3VuZHJpZXMtcGxhbnMtYnVpbGQtbmV3LWZhYi11cHN0YXRlLW5ldy15b3JrLXByaXZhdGUtcHVibGljLXBhcnRuZXJzaGlw/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaB26a06c91">build another chip plant</a> nearby in a bid to double its production capabilities. And just last month, a manufacturer in North Carolina announced <a href="https://www.wolfspeed.com/company/news-events/news/cree-inc-officially-changes-company-name-to-wolfspeed-inc-marking-successful-transition-to-global-semiconductor-powerhouse">its pivot to semiconductors</a> and changed its name from Cree to Wolfspeed. The company is also in <a href="https://romesentinel.com/stories/new-name-strategy-for-wolfspeed,122924">the process of building a new manufacturing facility in upstate New York</a>. GM has already <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly9tZWRpYS5nbS5jb20vbWVkaWEvdXMvZW4vZ20vbmV3cy5kZXRhaWwuaHRtbC9jb250ZW50L1BhZ2VzL25ld3MvdXMvZW4vMjAyMS9vY3QvMTAwNC13b2xmc3BlZWQuaHRtbA/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaB7e13445d">signed up</a> as a strategic customer, another clear sign that the chip supply crunch is benefiting certain US sellers and opening up access to new customers.
Taken together, these developments point to a trend that industry leaders hope will become a renaissance for US chip manufacturing. Last May, Texas Instruments started construction on <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZGFsbGFzbmV3cy5jb20vYnVzaW5lc3MvdGVjaG5vbG9neS8yMDE5LzA0LzE4L3RleGFzLWluc3RydW1lbnRzLXRvLWJ1aWxkLTMtMS1iaWxsaW9uLWNoaXAtcGxhbnQtY3JlYXRlLW5lYXJseS01MDAtam9icy1pbi1yaWNoYXJkc29uLw/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaBd06a17ad">a $3.1 billion chip plant</a> near its Dallas headquarters and may finalize plans for <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYml6am91cm5hbHMuY29tL2RhbGxhcy9uZXdzLzIwMjEvMDkvMDEvdGV4YXMtaW5zdHJ1bWVudHMtc2hlcm1hbi1wbGFudC5odG1s/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaB8ee7c701">another facility</a> soon. Intel announced this past March that it would spend more than <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYXpjZW50cmFsLmNvbS9zdG9yeS9tb25leS9idXNpbmVzcy9qb2JzLzIwMjEvMDMvMjMvaW50ZWwtd2lsbC1zcGVuZC0yMC1iaWxsaW9uLWFyaXpvbmEtMi1uZXctZmFjdG9yaWVzLzY5NzM2NzYwMDIv/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaBa600e81d">$20 billion to build two new chip manufacturing</a> factories in Arizona, and the company says it could create more than 3,000 jobs. The world’s biggest chipmaker, Taiwan-based TSMC, has already started construction on <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly9hc2lhLm5pa2tlaS5jb20vQnVzaW5lc3MvVGVjaC9TZW1pY29uZHVjdG9ycy9UU01DLXN0YXJ0cy1jb25zdHJ1Y3Rpb24tb2YtMTJibi1Bcml6b25hLWNoaXAtcGxhbnQjOn46dGV4dD1UQUlQRUklMjAlMkQlMkQlMjBUYWl3YW4lMjBTZW1pY29uZHVjdG9yJTIwTWFudWZhY3R1cmluZyxzdHJlbmd0aGVuaW5nJTIwdGhlJTIwQW1lcmljYW4lMjBjaGlwbWFraW5nJTIwaW5kdXN0cnku/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaBa0f6c2f9">a $12 billion plant</a> in Arizona. Now, local economic leaders <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY25iYy5jb20vMjAyMS8wOC8yNS9hcml6b25hLWdyb3VwLWlua3MtYWdyZWVtZW50LXdpdGgtdGFpd2FuLXRvLWF0dHJhY3QtbW9yZS1jaGlwLWNvbXBhbmllcy5odG1s/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaBebcf9bc2">are wooing other companies</a> that work with TSMC to start operations there, too.
“We just want to make sure that more of the manufacturing facilities that are being built in the future, that more of them are built here,” John Neuffer, the CEO of the Semiconductor Industry Association, told Recode. “It’s about making sure that, going forward, we have a better-balanced supply chain.”
The US government wants to capitalize on this momentum. President Joe Biden is eager to bolster the resilience of the country’s chip supply, which government officials believe is critical to national security. At the same time, politicians on both sides of the aisle are eager to boost high-tech manufacturing in the US, which has declined over the past several decades after many companies opted to build new factories abroad.
Whether a new wave of chip manufacturing could help the US expand its role as a global high-tech manufacturing center is unclear. Despite the Biden administration’s <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY29tbWVyY2UuZ292L25ld3MvcHJlc3MtcmVsZWFzZXMvMjAyMS8xMC9jb21tZXJjZS1kZXBhcnRtZW50LWJpZGVuLWFkbWluaXN0cmF0aW9uLXRha2UtYWN0aW9uLXNlbWljb25kdWN0b3ItY2hpcA/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaBa31a9cec">effort</a> to address the chip shortage, chipmakers in the US and abroad have <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly9xei5jb20vMjA4MDY2NS9jaGlwLW1ha2Vycy10aHJlYXRlbi10by1zY3JhcC1uZXctdXMtZmFjdG9yaWVzLXdpdGhvdXQtc3Vic2lkaWVzLw/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaBe2d44eb6">signaled</a> that, without direct financial incentives, they will send their new manufacturing elsewhere in the future. Even Idaho-based Micron Technology, the <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmxvb21iZXJnLmNvbS9uZXdzL2FydGljbGVzLzIwMjEtMTAtMjAvbWljcm9uLXByb21pc2VzLTE1MC1iaWxsaW9uLW9mLXNwZW5kaW5nLW9uLXBsYW50cy1yLWQ_c3JlZj1XZzZRelMyZQ/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaBb37a84ab">last major manufacturer of semiconductors</a> for computer memory left in the US, has said that the future of its domestic production <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud3NqLmNvbS9hcnRpY2xlcy9taWNyb24tcGxhbnMtb3Zlci0xNTAtYmlsbGlvbi1pbi1jYXBpdGFsLXItZC1zcGVuZGluZy1pbi1kZWNhZGUtYWhlYWQtMTE2MzQ3MjQwMDE/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaBc565c0d5">hinges on financial incentives</a>. The company plans to spend more than $150 billion on chip research and development over the next decade, but has made it clear that <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmxvb21iZXJnLmNvbS9uZXdzL2FydGljbGVzLzIwMjEtMTAtMjAvbWljcm9uLXByb21pc2VzLTE1MC1iaWxsaW9uLW9mLXNwZW5kaW5nLW9uLXBsYW50cy1yLWQ_c3JlZj1XZzZRelMyZQ/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaCb37a84ab">it will build new plants abroad</a> if it doesn’t receive proper support from the US government.
These companies want Congress to approve $52 billion in funding to boost incentives for domestic chip production and help <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vMjAyMS8xMS8wOC90ZWNobm9sb2d5L2NvbXB1dGVyLWNoaXAtc2hvcnRhZ2UuaHRtbA/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaCff0f63d8">companies buy more manufacturing equipment</a>. These subsidies may be critical to preventing the US’s share of global chip manufacturing from declining even further. Right now, only 12 percent of the world’s chip production occurs in the US, a steep drop from the <a href="https://link.vox.com/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudm94LmNvbS9yZWNvZGUvMjIzMzYzODgvZ20tY2hpcC1zaG9ydGFnZS1mb3JkLXNlbWljb25kdWN0b3JzLWJpZGVu/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaB41149fcd">37 percent share</a> of chip manufacturing that took place in the US in 1990. While Republican and Democratic leaders have said they’re eager to support high-tech manufacturing, chip industry leaders say the government has yet to provide the same financial incentives as other countries, including <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2VtaWNvbmR1Y3RvcnMub3JnL3Rha2luZy1zdG9jay1vZi1jaGluYXMtc2VtaWNvbmR1Y3Rvci1pbmR1c3RyeS8/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaBcd4cb346">China</a> and <a href="https://link.recode.net/click/25643970.33186/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucmV1dGVycy5jb20vdGVjaG5vbG9neS9qYXBhbi1jcmVhdGUtc2NoZW1lLXN1YnNpZGlzZS1kb21lc3RpYy1jaGlwLW91dHB1dC1uaWtrZWktMjAyMS0xMS0wNy8/608c6cd87e3ba002de9a4dcaB0fb9be26">Japan</a>, which are also beefing up their chip production.
Time is of the essence. Right now, companies are racing to build the facilities around the world that will manufacture chips for future technologies, including 5G devices and electric vehicles. Once these billion-dollar facilities start production, they’re unlikely to pick up and move.
This story first published in the Recode newsletter. <a href="https://www.vox.com/pages/newsletters">Sign up here</a> so you don’t miss the next one!
 
 
source <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2021/11/10/22773033/chip-shortage-silver-lining-intel-tsmc-joe-biden">https://www.vox.com/recode/2021/11/10/22773033/chip-shortage-silver-lining-intel-tsmc-joe-biden</a>

vox The chip shortage has a silver lining

Manufacturers haven’t overcome the worldwide semiconductor shortage . Gaming consoles like the PlayStation 5 are still scarce , automakers ...

Ahmaud Arbery and the case for getting rid of citizen’s arrests

Nearly two years after Ahmaud Arbery, a 25-year-old Black man, was shot and killed in a suburban Georgia town while jogging, the three white suspects accused of the slaying — Greg McMichael, his son Travis McMichael, and their neighbor, William “Roddie” Bryan — are now on trial. They face charges on a total of nine counts, including malice murder, felony murder, aggravated assault, and false imprisonment.
Arbery’s killing in February 2020 ignited national outrage. When a video Bryan recorded from his vehicle while following Arbery went viral online, viewers <a href="https://www.vox.com/21263899/ahmaud-arbery-lynched-video-mcmichael-glynn-county-georgia">called it an unequivocal lynching</a>. The graphic footage shows the McMichaels, both carrying guns, pursuing Arbery in a truck after <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/article/ahmaud-arbery-shooting-georgia.html">he ran down their street</a> in the mostly white Satilla Shores neighborhood near Brunswick. Following a short chase, the men corner Arbery, and a confrontation between Arbery and Travis McMichael ensues. During the struggle, <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/explainer-arbery-slaying-video-star-witness-80924636">Arbery is shot three times</a>, twice in the chest, after which he slumps to the ground. It took 74 days after Arbery’s death for the men to be arrested and charged.
Defense attorneys will likely argue that the men’s actions were protected by Georgia’s citizen’s arrest law, which at the time allowed a person to detain someone whom they believe just committed a crime. The attorneys may claim the men acted in self-defense while attempting to carry out a legitimate citizen’s arrest of Arbery, whom they suspected of burglary.
Georgia’s outdated and dangerous citizen’s arrest law — one that was created in an era of slavery and emboldened citizens to act on their worst biases — <a href="https://apnews.com/article/ahmaud-arbery-georgia-arrests-government-and-politics-276c5e51f5363112537ceab4159f9dc5">has since been repealed</a>. The law was replaced with a bill that limits who can detain citizens and when (business owners and workers who witness someone shoplifting or dining and dashing, for example.) But most states still have a version of these laws on the books, and as long as they endure, advocates say they could ultimately have tragic consequences.
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<figcaption>Former Georgia state Rep. Bert Reeves shakes hands with Wanda Cooper-Jones, the mother of Ahmaud Arbery, at the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta on May 10, 2021, the day Georgia Gov. Brian Kemp signed a bill repealing the state’s citizen’s arrest law.</figcaption>
<cite>Jeff Amy/AP</cite></figure>
Georgia’s citizen’s arrest statute had its origins in the Civil War era. Passed in 1863, when slavery was still considered legal by Southerners despite the <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, the law stated that a private person could “arrest an offender if the offense is committed in his presence or within his immediate knowledge.”
“It was a slave-catching law for slaves that attempted to flee,” Joe Margulies, an attorney and professor of law and government at Cornell Law School, told Vox. “It gave citizens the power to grab them. [The law] derives from a racist past.”
Every state has some version of a citizen’s arrest law, though they vary based on the type of crime and whether the citizen must witness the crime directly or just be aware that it happened. In many states, the laws are unclear about how long a citizen is permitted to detain someone, how much probable cause is necessary, and how much force can be used, said Ira P. Robbins, professor of law and justice at American University and the author of <a href="https://www.wcl.american.edu/news-events/news/in-new-article-professor-robbins-recommends-limiting-scope-of-citizen-s-arrest/">an article on citizen’s arrest laws for the Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy</a>. Many of the laws also don’t specify what it means to carry out a citizen’s arrest or to detain someone while making one.
The laws, according to Robbins, date back to medieval England, where citizens helped the king maintain order by enforcing the laws. The common law doctrine of citizen’s arrest was further developed in the early 19th century, and such statutes have remained on the books even as states laid out more modern systems of law enforcement.
In Alabama, for example, <a href="https://answers.justia.com/question/2017/02/07/what-is-the-law-simplified-for-alabama-c-237837">a private person can make a citizen’s arrest</a> “where a felony has committed” — even if they didn’t witness it — and when they have “reasonable cause to believe that the person arrested committed it.” The law specifies that the arrest can be made “on any day and at any time,” outlines the steps that must be taken for a legal arrest, and gives citizens permission to break open doors or windows to capture the alleged offender.
California allows citizen’s arrests if the citizen witnesses a perpetrator committing a misdemeanor, or when a felony “has been in fact committed, and he has reasonable cause for believing the person arrested to have committed it,” <a href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=837.">according to the state’s penal code</a>.
In New York, <a href="https://ypdcrime.com/penal.law/article35.php#p35.10">a citizen can arrest another person</a> if they believe the suspect committed a felony such as murder, first-degree manslaughter, or rape. It also lays out the circumstances where deadly physical force may be justified: when the citizen believes it is necessary to defend themselves or a third person against physical force in the course of the crime. (They may not if they know that they “may avoid the necessity of so doing by retreating.”)
“I thought that the uproar over Arbery’s murder would lead other states to revisit their statues, but there has not been much [movement],” Margulies said. “It certainly has not prompted a wholesale reexamination of citizen’s arrest laws.”
Arbery’s killing isn’t the first involving Georgia’s citizen’s arrest law. In 2019, Kenneth Herring, a 62-year-old Black man, was <a href="https://www.ajc.com/news/crime--law/just-woman-allegedly-shot-killed-man-285-after-crash/K1Ht2xXOUoB348wnD1JtaL/">killed by Hannah Payne</a>, a 21-year-old white woman, after he left the scene of a car crash because he was experiencing a diabetic emergency. Payne pursued Herring in her vehicle and ordered him out of his car. It’s unclear what happened immediately after that, but Payne shot and killed him. She was <a href="https://www.ajc.com/news/crime--law/new-charges-for-woman-accused-intervening-hit-and-run-fatally-shooting-driver/p6H9HhoKwWBYBgQ3F2JllO/">indicted on charges of felony murder and malice murder</a>, among others, and is <a href="https://claytoncrescent.org/2021/11/05/payne-could-face-trial-in-january-2022/">still awaiting trial</a>. Critics say she racially profiled Herring.
“Given what we know about implicit and explicit bias, allowing people to chase after someone and seize them based on what they believe was a felony is a recipe for some predictable number of cases just like this,” Margulies said. “With the automatic association between blackness and crime, seeing a Black man run by or drive away will lead to some predictable number of cases of folks concluding he’s committing a felony. That’s the real problem.”
In 2012, neighborhood watch volunteer George Zimmerman, a mixed-race Hispanic man, fatally shot 17-year-old Trayvon Martin in Florida after calling 911 and reporting “a suspicious person”; the police dispatcher <a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/muckraker/george-zimmerman-s-own-words-the-dispatcher-told-me-not-to-follow-the-suspect">instructed him not to approach</a> Martin. Zimmerman, who was later acquitted of second-degree manslaughter, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-florida-shooting/zimmerman-studied-floridas-stand-your-ground-law-witness-idUSBRE9620RL20130703">said he acted in self-defense</a>.
“When you look at these cases, it’s about people trying to protect an area — not protecting it from a crime, but protecting it from certain types of people,’’ Rashawn Ray, a sociology professor at the University of Maryland and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, told Vox.
Citizen’s arrest laws can also go wrong in other ways — as in 2014, when a man in Virginia burst into a lecture hall at George Mason University Law School carrying handcuffs, pepper spray, and a Taser-like device in order to execute a citizen’s arrest of a professor whom <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/tyler-cowens-attacker-thought-the-professor-was-controlling-his-mind-cowen-testifies/2014/04/29/a4c5b9f4-cfb9-11e3-b812-0c92213941f4_story.html">he said had controlled his mind and sexually harassed him</a>. In May 2020, <a href="https://www.azfamily.com/news/man-shot-killed-while-trying-to-detain-hit-and-run-suspects-in-tempe/article_5b08d2d8-91a5-11ea-abff-0bb494cd5a60.html">a 22-year-old man in Arizona</a> was shot and killed after he witnessed a hit-and-run and chased five people who ran from the scene in an attempt to detain them.
But in cases with a racial element, the laws are part of the pernicious way that “place, space, and race” intersect, Ray said.
Also factoring into the Arbery trial are Georgia’s open carry law (which makes it legal to openly carry firearms in the state with the proper permits) and “stand your ground” law (which allows for the use of deadly force if a person reasonably believes it is necessary to prevent death or severe bodily injury).
<figure class="e-image"><picture class="c-picture" data-cid="site/picture_element-1636586906_3882_11304" data-cdata='{"asset_id":22998847,"ratio":"*"}'><source srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/u78EIQSI_kTNRK-RyBtGn_Rmn78=/0x0:5573x3715/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/EsSZZmlvhNpK7UIhTt_hEmblEUI=/0x0:5573x3715/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/iD_VQ-_WXk0_jp9v33WBLrMeY8Y=/0x0:5573x3715/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/n0YBR5APK8k0HUjrnJTnIdeCwxc=/0x0:5573x3715/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/J5tEyi-mPV2PHiBCBD4ohf9L8FA=/0x0:5573x3715/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/UZLYsA5Eoj2EL-FQ1Q7oiJSz0vc=/0x0:5573x3715/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MsHa3ry6HLaIPrTaAXuFeU1PyJ0=/0x0:5573x3715/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/UnjIooWGY_PE7AgL-701DV73vkk=/0x0:5573x3715/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/dGxScPQQNzgotOTILoALsACQg3o=/0x0:5573x3715/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" type="image/webp" /> <img alt="A person holds up a sign that reads “Justice for Ahmaud.”" data-upload-width="5573" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/CWdsFeBIGk-WmppbAvCHtiNHRoM=/0x0:5573x3715/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/oTD9yt9hZhFQBF2AZgodRHLnqQQ=/0x0:5573x3715/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/YvoOTtL5BshP7sm1yaLJYm0uXE0=/0x0:5573x3715/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/RZNozdLTnoFtwT2eoXBdzWzR998=/0x0:5573x3715/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/9cnIYwDmgK1LockKMM2whJ6c3kM=/0x0:5573x3715/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/bASEd6_LJYAPE7v0K76SERn6aNY=/0x0:5573x3715/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Mstb5oqRoakv5Qvhx3erlPR55wc=/0x0:5573x3715/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/iDil6Wrs5c1l2cXAPEdX3alf8A0=/0x0:5573x3715/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Fe-MJKYID8IB7iF-gzYpIupAknw=/0x0:5573x3715/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0wMJlQC4231WeCbny2RdP4fPVeQ=/0x0:5573x3715/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:5573x3715):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22998847/GettyImages_1235969236.jpg 1920w" /></picture>
<figcaption>A protester holds a sign at the Glynn County courthouse in Brunswick, Georgia, as jury selection in the trial of the shooting death of Ahmaud Arbery began on October 18, 2021.</figcaption>
<cite>Sean Rayford/Getty Images</cite></figure>
“We will likely hear from the defense attorneys a series of dog whistles about protecting people in that particular community from people who look like Ahmaud Arbery,” Ray said. “With laws like the castle doctrine, people will probably believe that good Samaritans have a right to also defend their neighbors’ property and that the McMichaels were coming to the defense of others. The defense will try to indicate to jurors that [a burglary] could have happened to them.”
The trial judge will instruct the jury on the citizen’s arrest law as it existed at the time of the killing, though Georgia has since repealed and replaced the law.
The protests surrounding Arbery’s death — which preceded those for Breonna Taylor and George Floyd, arguably setting the stage for what was to come in <a href="https://www.vox.com/first-person/2021/5/25/22451756/george-floyd-anniversary-remembering-rally-minneapolis-youth-activists">the summer of 2020</a> — and the nearly two years that have elapsed since then have not inspired a large movement to rethink citizen’s arrest laws.
After the video of Arbery’s killing went viral, South Carolina state Rep. Justin Bamberg introduced legislation to <a href="https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/scs-citizens-arrest-law-is-154-years-old-with-no-record-of-success-so-why/article_9358322c-9f6b-11ea-9e1c-8f33442d7b5c.html">repeal the state’s 1866 citizen’s arrest law</a>. Bamberg said on Twitter that the law was <a href="https://twitter.com/justinbamberg/status/1260272730378731528">no longer necessary in America’s police state</a>.
In an effort to honor Arbery, New York lawmakers moved to revise the language in the state’s citizen’s arrest statute, <a href="https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/new-york-elections-government/ny-ahmaud-arbery-michael-gianaris-citizens-arrest-20210224-sjy6z5hmdfclfbqnfqngnrhbdy-story.html">calling the law</a> a “dangerous and historically abused practice” that has been “used by racists to advance their bigoted goals.” The bill never advanced.
No matter the verdict, the Arbery trial could draw more attention to the anachronistic rules of citizen’s arrest laws.
“All of these citizen’s arrest cases with a racial element are on the same continuum,” said Ray, of the University of Maryland and Brookings Institution. “They end up in the exact same way. They end up with someone being killed.”
 
 
source <a href="https://www.vox.com/22765019/ahmaud-arbery-citizens-arrest-laws">https://www.vox.com/22765019/ahmaud-arbery-citizens-arrest-laws</a>

vox Ahmaud Arbery and the case for getting rid of citizen’s arrests

Nearly two years after Ahmaud Arbery, a 25-year-old Black man, was shot and killed in a suburban Georgia town while jogging, the three white...

INVESTIGATION – Deadliest batches of the Covid-19 Vaccines were disproportionally sent to red Republican states across the USA

On October 31st we exclusively revealed how an <a href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/10/31/100-percent-of-covid-19-vaccine-deaths-caused-by-just-5-percent-of-the-batches-produced/">investigation of the USA’s Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)</a> found extremely high numbers of adverse reactions and deaths have been reported against specific lot numbers of the Covid-19 vaccines numerous times, meaning deadly batches of the experimental injections have now been identified.
That <a href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/10/31/100-percent-of-covid-19-vaccine-deaths-caused-by-just-5-percent-of-the-batches-produced/">investigation</a>also led to the discovery that 130 different lot numbers of Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine distributed to more than 13 states, harmed on average 639 times more people, hospitalised on average 109 times more people, and killed on average 22 times more people than the 4,289 different lt number of Pfizer vaccine distributed to 12 states or less.
However, the most shocking finding of the <a href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/10/31/100-percent-of-covid-19-vaccine-deaths-caused-by-just-5-percent-of-the-batches-produced/">investigation</a> was that 100% of Covid-19 vaccine deaths reported to VAERS with identified lot numbers had been caused by just 5% of the batches produced. But the deeply troubling findings don’t end there, because we decided to conduct further analysis of the VAERS data on the Covid-19 vaccines, and we’ve discovered that the majority of the deadliest batches were clearly sent to Republican controlled red states across the USA.
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<figure class="aligncenter"><img alt="" class="wp-image-26135" data-attachment-id="26135" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="image-63" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-63.png?fit=639%2C386&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-63.png?fit=300%2C181&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-63.png?fit=1111%2C672&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1111,672" data-permalink="https://theexpose.uk/2021/11/03/majority-deadliest-batches-of-covid-19-vaccine-were-sent-to-red-republican-states/image-63-11/" height="672" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px" src="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-63.png?resize=512%2C310&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-63.png?w=1111&ssl=1 1111w, https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-63.png?resize=300%2C181&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-63.png?resize=1024%2C619&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-63.png?resize=768%2C465&ssl=1 768w" width="1111" /></figure>
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The data used in the investigation was pulled from the publicly accessible VAERS database which can be viewed <a href="https://vaers.hhs.gov/">here</a>. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a United States programme for vaccine safety, co-managed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The programme collects information via reports made by doctors, nurses, and patients about adverse events (possible harmful side effects) that occur after administration of vaccines to ascertain whether the risk–benefit ratio is high enough to justify continued use of any particular vaccine.
The <a href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/10/31/100-percent-of-covid-19-vaccine-deaths-caused-by-just-5-percent-of-the-batches-produced/">investigation of VAERS data published October 31st</a> included reports of adverse reactions and deaths within the VAERS database as of October 15th 2021, the findings of our further investigation into VAERS data include reports of adverse reactions and deaths within the VAERS database as of October 22nd 2021.
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<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img alt="" class="wp-image-27222" data-attachment-id="27222" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="image-140" data-large-file="https://i1.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-140.png?fit=639%2C373&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i1.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-140.png?fit=300%2C175&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i1.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-140.png?fit=768%2C448&ssl=1" data-orig-size="768,448" data-permalink="https://theexpose.uk/2021/11/10/deadliest-batches-of-covid-vaccine-sent-to-red-states-in-usa/image-140-9/" data-recalc-dims="1" height="373" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px" src="https://i1.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-140.png?resize=639%2C373&ssl=1" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-140.png?w=768&ssl=1 768w, https://i1.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-140.png?resize=300%2C175&ssl=1 300w" width="639" /></figure>
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The original investigation found that reported deaths due to the Pfizer vaccine were only associated with certain batches of the jab each assigned a lot number. The ‘lot number’ is a specific string of numbers and letters that tracks a specific batch of vaccine from production and into a persons arm and it is usually found on a vaccine label or accompanying packaging.
The chart above shows that 96% of the lots of Pfizer vaccine had zero death reports made against them. Meaning the 2,828 reported deaths were associated with just 4% of the lots of Pfizer vaccine.
Five lot numbers were associated with 61-80 deaths each, a further 5 lot numbers were associated with 81-100 deaths each, and just 2 separate lot numbers were associated with over 100 deaths each.
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<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img alt="" class="wp-image-27224" data-attachment-id="27224" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="image-141" data-large-file="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-141.png?fit=639%2C313&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-141.png?fit=300%2C147&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-141.png?fit=768%2C376&ssl=1" data-orig-size="768,376" data-permalink="https://theexpose.uk/2021/11/10/deadliest-batches-of-covid-vaccine-sent-to-red-states-in-usa/image-141-9/" data-recalc-dims="1" height="313" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px" src="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-141.png?resize=639%2C313&ssl=1" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-141.png?w=768&ssl=1 768w, https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-141.png?resize=300%2C147&ssl=1 300w" width="639" /></figure>
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The same can be seen for the Moderna Covid-19 vaccine. Ninety-five-percent of the lots of Moderna vaccine had zero death reports made against them. Meaning the 2,603 deaths were associated with just 5% of the lots of Moderna vaccine.
Thirteen lot numbers were associated with 41-60 deaths each, 2 lot numbers were associated with 61-80 deaths each and 1 lot number was associated with 81-100 deaths.
The original investigation of VAERS data also found that specific batches of the Pfizer and Moderna Covid-19 vaccines which were distributed to between 13 and 50 states across the USA had an unusually high number of adverse event reports and deaths compared to lots that were distributed to 12 states or less across the USA
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<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img alt="" class="wp-image-27225" data-attachment-id="27225" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="image-142" data-large-file="https://i1.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-142.png?fit=639%2C370&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i1.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-142.png?fit=300%2C174&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i1.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-142.png?fit=768%2C445&ssl=1" data-orig-size="768,445" data-permalink="https://theexpose.uk/2021/11/10/deadliest-batches-of-covid-vaccine-sent-to-red-states-in-usa/image-142-9/" data-recalc-dims="1" height="370" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px" src="https://i1.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-142.png?resize=639%2C370&ssl=1" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-142.png?w=768&ssl=1 768w, https://i1.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-142.png?resize=300%2C174&ssl=1 300w" width="639" /></figure>
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As you can see from the above table 4,289 different lots of Pfizer vaccine were distributed to 12 states or less across the USA, recording 9,141 adverse event reports against them alongside 99 deaths and 657 hospitalisations. This equates to an average of 2 adverse event reports per lot and 0 deaths and hospitalisations.
However, a further 130 different lots of Pfizer vaccine were distributed to between 13-50 states across the USA, recording 166,170 adverse event reports, 2,799 deaths, and 14,155 hospitalisations. This equates to an average of 1,278 adverse event reports per lot number, alongside 22 deaths and 109 hospitalisations.
The question is, which states were the deadly lots of Covid-19 vaccine sent to?
A full list of the lot numbers sent to 13 or more states across the USA can be downloaded <a href="https://theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Lot-Numbers-Covid-19-Vaccines-Sent-To-13-Or-More-States.xlsx">here</a>. The list displays the number of adverse reactions and deaths associated with each lot number and includes the Pfizer, Moderna, and Janssen Covid-19 vaccines.
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<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-143.png?ssl=1" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="wp-image-27226" data-attachment-id="27226" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="image-143" data-large-file="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-143.png?fit=639%2C337&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-143.png?fit=300%2C158&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-143.png?fit=768%2C405&ssl=1" data-orig-size="768,405" data-permalink="https://theexpose.uk/2021/11/10/deadliest-batches-of-covid-vaccine-sent-to-red-states-in-usa/image-143-9/" data-recalc-dims="1" height="337" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px" src="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-143.png?resize=639%2C337&ssl=1" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-143.png?w=768&ssl=1 768w, https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-143.png?resize=300%2C158&ssl=1 300w" width="639" /></a>
<figcaption>Top 26 most harmful lot numbers sent to 13 or more States</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
Because our previous investigation had uncovered that 100% of Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine deaths and 100% of Moderna Covid-19 Vaccine deaths were cased by just 4% of the batches of Pfizer vaccine produced and 5% of the batches of Moderna vaccine produced we were able to conduct a straight forward search of the VAERS system listing the number of deaths due to both vaccines by the State they occurred.
The results were as follows –
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-144.png?ssl=1" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="wp-image-27227" data-attachment-id="27227" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="image-144" data-large-file="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-144.png?fit=639%2C616&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-144.png?fit=300%2C289&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-144.png?fit=768%2C740&ssl=1" data-orig-size="768,740" data-permalink="https://theexpose.uk/2021/11/10/deadliest-batches-of-covid-vaccine-sent-to-red-states-in-usa/image-144-9/" data-recalc-dims="1" height="616" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px" src="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-144.png?resize=639%2C616&ssl=1" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-144.png?w=768&ssl=1 768w, https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-144.png?resize=300%2C289&ssl=1 300w" width="639" /></a>
<figcaption>Pfizer + Moderna</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
As you can see, at first glance it appears as if the deadliest lots of Covid-19 vaccine have been distributed pretty evenly between Republican and Democrat controlled states within the USA, with California, a Democrat controlled state recording the most deaths at 466, followed by three Republican states, Kentucky, Texas, and Florida, recording, 338, 338, and 336 deaths due to either the Pfizer or Moderna mRNA injections.
However, these numbers need to be put into context in order to understand where the majority of the deadly lots of Covid-19 vaccine were actually distributed to, and to do this we need to know how many people have been vaccinated in each state.
In order to do this accurately we had to include the Janssen viral vector Covid-19 vaccine in the numbers, but VAERS data does also shows that a small amount of batches of the Janssen injection are also responsible for the majority of Janssen vaccine deaths.
So we conducted another search of the VAERS system this time also including the Janssen vaccine alongside both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines.
The results were as follows –
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-145.png?ssl=1" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><img alt="" class="wp-image-27228" data-attachment-id="27228" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="image-145" data-large-file="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-145.png?fit=639%2C617&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-145.png?fit=300%2C290&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-145.png?fit=768%2C742&ssl=1" data-orig-size="768,742" data-permalink="https://theexpose.uk/2021/11/10/deadliest-batches-of-covid-vaccine-sent-to-red-states-in-usa/image-145-9/" data-recalc-dims="1" height="617" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px" src="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-145.png?resize=639%2C617&ssl=1" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-145.png?w=768&ssl=1 768w, https://i2.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-145.png?resize=300%2C290&ssl=1 300w" width="639" /></a>
<figcaption>Pfizer + Moderna + Janssen</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
As you can see the order of States remained the same, showing at first glance that the deadliest lots of Covid-19 vaccine have been distributed pretty evenly between Republican and Democrat controlled states within the USA.
But look what happens when you take into account the number of people vaccinated in each state and calculate the vaccination / death rate –
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img alt="" class="wp-image-27230" data-attachment-id="27230" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="image-146" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-146.png?fit=639%2C789&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-146.png?fit=243%2C300&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-146.png?fit=768%2C948&ssl=1" data-orig-size="768,948" data-permalink="https://theexpose.uk/2021/11/10/deadliest-batches-of-covid-vaccine-sent-to-red-states-in-usa/image-146-9/" data-recalc-dims="1" height="789" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px" src="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-146.png?resize=639%2C789&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-146.png?w=768&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/image-146.png?resize=243%2C300&ssl=1 243w" width="639" /></figure>
</div>
The top 8 States with the highest vaccination death rate are all Republican controlled red States, and 19 of the top 24 states with the highest vaccination death rate are again Republican controlled red States. Kentucky, Arkansas, West Virginia, Montana, Alaska, North Dakota, Wyoming, and Tennessee all top the list, with Florida placing 20th in the list of 51 states.
By calculating the vaccination / death rate, we’re also able to see that California has actually been the state least affected by the deadly lots of Covid-19 vaccine, not the most affected as it appeared to be at first glance without putting the vaccine death numbers into context.
The numbers show that the Republican controlled state of Kentucky has a 1,900% worse vaccination / death rate than the Democrat controlled California, suggesting the Republican state received 20 times the amount of deadly batches of Covid-19 vaccine than the Democrat controlled state received.
The numbers also suggest that the Republican controlled state of Florida received three times the amount of deadly batches of Covid-19 vaccine than the Democrat controlled state of California received, with its vaccination / death rate 200% higher than California’s.
<h4>Conclusion</h4>
This investigation of VAERS data reveals several concerning findings which warrant further investigation, but it also leads to questions of why authorities within the USA which are supposed to monitor the safety of the Covid-19 vaccines have not discovered this themselves.
Why is it that certain batches of the vaccine have proven to be more harmful than others?
Why is it that certain batches of Covid-19 vaccine have proven to be deadlier than others?
Why were the majority of the most harmful and deadly Covid-19 vaccines distributed to Republican controlled States across the USA?
These extremely serious questions require urgent answers.
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<div class="wp-block-coblocks-post-carousel__content" readability="20.057553956835"><time datetime="2021-11-09T13:20:12+00:00" class="wp-block-coblocks-post-carousel__date">November 9, 2021</time><a alt="HEAD OF NHS INFLATES FIGURES OF COVID HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS" href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/11/09/head-of-nhs-inflates-figures-of-covid-hospital-admissions/">HEAD OF NHS INFLATES FIGURES OF COVID HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS</a>
LIES, DAMN LIES AND NHS STATISTICS The head of the NHS, Amanda …
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<h3 class="jp-relatedposts-headline">Related</h3>
 
 
source <a href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/11/10/deadliest-batches-of-covid-vaccine-sent-to-red-states-in-usa/">https://theexpose.uk/2021/11/10/deadliest-batches-of-covid-vaccine-sent-to-red-states-in-usa/</a>

revolution INVESTIGATION – Deadliest batches of the Covid-19 Vaccines were disproportionally sent to red Republican states across the USA

On October 31st we exclusively revealed how an investigation of the USA’s Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) found extremely hi...