ANONYMOUS - OUR VOICE

The Vaccine Death Report: An Unprecedented Genocide

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<p>The purpose of this report is to document how all over the world millions of people have died, and hundreds of millions of serious adverse events have occurred, after injections with the experimental mRNA gene therapy.</p>
<p>We also reveal the real risk of an unprecedented genocide.</p>
<p class="has-custom-font"><em><a href="https://theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/vaccinereport.pdf">By Dr David John Sorenson & Dr Vladimir Zelenko MD</a></em></p>
<p><strong>F A C T S</strong></p>
<p>Our aim is to only present solid facts, and stay away from unfounded claims. The data is clear and verifiable. References can be found with all presented information, which is provided as a starting point for further investigation.</p>
<p><strong>C O M P L I C I T Y</strong></p>
<p>The data shows that we are currently witnessing the greatest organized mass murder in the history of our world. The severity of this situation compels us to ask this critical question: will we rise up to the defense of billions of innocent people? Or will we permit personal profit over justice, and be complicit?</p>
<p>Networks of lawyers all over the world are preparing class action lawsuits to prosecute all who are serving this criminal agenda. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are rising up against this criminal operation. To all who have been complicit so far, we say: There is still time to turn and choose the side of truth. Please make the right choice.</p>
<p><strong>W O R L D W I D E</strong></p>
<p>Although this report focuses on the situation in the United States, it also applies to the rest of the world, as the same type of experimental injections with similar death rates – and comparable systems of corruption to hide these numbers – are used worldwide. Therefor we encourage everyone around the world to share this report. May it be a wake up call for all of humanity.</p>
<p><strong>AT LEAST 5 TIMES MORE DEATHS</strong></p>
<p><strong>VACCINE DEATHS ARE SEVERELY UNDERREPORTED</strong></p>
<p>VAERS data from the American CDC shows that as of August 26, 2021 already half a million people suffered severe side effects, including stroke, heart failure, blood clots, brain disorders, convulsions, seizures, inflammations of brain & spinal cord, life threatening allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, arthritis, miscarriage, infertility, rapid-onset muscle weakness, deafness, blindness, narcolepsy and cataplexy.</p>
<p>Besides the astronomical number of severe side effects, the CDC reports that approx. 16,000 people died as a result of receiving the experimental injections. However, according to a CDC whistleblower who signed a sworn affidavit, the actual number of deaths is at least five times higher. This is what the CDC healthcare fraud detection expert Jane Doe officially stated in a sworn affidavit:1</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote" readability="14">
<p>‘I have, over the last 25 years, developed over 100 distinct healthcare fraud detection algorithms, both in the public and private sector. (…) When the COVID-19 vaccine clearly became associated with patient death and harm, I was inclined to investigate the matter. It is my professional estimate that VAERS (the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System) database, while extremely useful, is under-reported by a conservative factor of at least 5 (…) and have assessed that the deaths occurring within 3 days of vaccination are higher than those reported in VAERS by a factor of at least 5.’</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The CDC is also vastly underreporting other adverse events, like severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). The Informed Consent Action Network (ICAN) reported that a study showed that the actual number of anaphylaxis is 50 to 120 times higher than claimed by the CDC. 2, 3</p>
<p>On top of that, a private researcher took a close look at the VAERS database, and tried looking up specific case-ID’s. He found countless examples where the original death records were deleted, and in some cases, the numbers have been switched for milder reactions. He says:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote" readability="11">
<p>‘What the analysis of all the case numbers is telling us right now is that there’s approximately 150,000 cases that are missing, that were there, that are no longer there. The question is, are they all deaths?’4</p>
</blockquote>
<p>How criminal the CDC is, was also revealed a few years ago, when researchers investigated the link between vaccines and autism. They found that there indeed is a direct connection. So what did the CDC do?</p>
<p>All the researchers came together and a large dustbin was placed in the middle of the room. In it they threw all the documents that showed the link between autism and vaccinations. Thus, the evidence was destroyed.</p>
<p>Subsequently, a so-called ‘scientific’ article was published in Pediatric, stating that vaccinations do not cause autism. However, a leading scientist within the CDC, William Thompson, exposed this crime. He publicly admitted:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote" readability="6">
<p>‘I was involved in misleading millions of people about the possible negative side effects of vaccines. We lied about the scientific findings.’ 5</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Maybe the worst example of criminal methodology used to hide vaccine deaths is the incredible fact that the CDC doesn’t consider a person vaccinated until two weeks after the injection.</p>
<p>Therefore everyone who dies withing the first two weeks after being injected, is not considered a vaccine death, further skewing the data. 6,7</p>
<p><strong>MODERNA: 300,000 ADVERSE EVENTS</strong></p>
<p><strong>HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS IN THREE MONTHS TIME</strong></p>
<p>A whistleblower from Moderna made a screenshot of an internal company notice labeled “Confidential – For internal distribution only”, showing there were 300,000 adverse events reported in only three months time.” This is a quote from this confidential notice:</p>
<p>‘This enabled the team to effectively manage approximately 300,000 adverse event reports and 30,000 medical information requests in a three month span to support the global launch of their COVID-19 vaccine.’</p>
<p><a href="https://alexberenson.substack.com/p/some-actual-news">https://alexberenson.substack.com/p/some-actual-news</a></p>
<p><strong>LESS THAN 1% IS BEING REPORTED</strong></p>
<p><strong>STUDY SHOWS REAL NUMBER OF ADVERSE EVENTS IS 100X HIGHER</strong></p>
<p>All this information already shows us that the number of adverse events and deaths is a multitude of what is being told to the public. The situation is however still far worse, than most of us can even imagine.</p>
<p>The famous Lazarus report from Harvard Pilgrim Health Care inc. in 2009 revealed that in general only 1% of adverse events from vaccines is being reported:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote" readability="11">
<p>‘Adverse events from drugs and vaccines are common, but underreported. Although 25% of ambulatory patients experience an adverse drug event, less than 0.3% of all adverse drug events and 1-13% of serious events are reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Likewise, fewer than 1% of vaccine adverse events are reported.’</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>LESS THAN 1% IS BEING REPORTED</strong></p>
<p><strong>STUDY SHOWS REAL NUMBER OF ADVERSE EVENTS IS 100X HIGHER</strong></p>
<p>All this information already shows us that the number of adverse events and deaths is a multitude of what is being told to the public. The situation is however still far worse, than most of us can even imagine.</p>
<p>The famous Lazarus report from Harvard Pilgrim Health Care inc. in 2009 revealed that in general only 1% of adverse events from vaccines is being reported:</p>
<p>‘Adverse events from drugs and vaccines are common, but underreported. Although 25% of ambulatory patients experience an adverse drug event, less than 0.3% of all adverse drug events and 1-13% of serious events are reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Likewise, fewer than 1% of vaccine adverse events are reported.’</p>
<p>See: <a href="https://digital.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/docs/publication/r18hs017045-lazarus-final-report-2011.pdf">https://digital.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/docs/publication/r18hs017045-lazarus-final-report-2011.pdf</a></p>
<p><strong>REASONS FOR UNDERREPORTING</strong></p>
<p><strong>THE POPULATION IS UNAWARE AND MISINFORMED</strong></p>
<p>The reason that less than 1% of adverse events is reported, is first of all because the vast majority of the population is not aware of the existence of official reporting systems for vaccine adverse events.</p>
<p>Secondly, the pharmaceutical industry has been waging an unrelenting media war the past decades against all medical experts, who attempted to inform the public about the dangers of vaccines.</p>
<p>One deployed strategy is name calling, and the negative label ‘anti-vaxxer’ was chosen to shame and blame all scientists, physicians and nurses who speak truth.</p>
<p>Because of this criminal campaign of aggressive suppression of adverse events data, the majority of the population is clueless that vaccines can cause any harm at all.</p>
<p>The message the general public constantly hears and sees, couldn’t be further from the truth: ‘Vaccines are safe and the best way to protect yourself from disease.’ The thousands of books, scientific studies, and reports documenting the devastating effects of vaccines in general, have been suppressed by all possible means. The undeniable fact that children (and people of all ages, for that matter) are far more ill today than ever before in history, while at the same time they are the most vaccinated population in all of history, is flatly denied.</p>
<p>The widespread propaganda by the vaccine companies, who use government agencies as their main carrousel, simply told humanity for decades that adverse events are a very rare occurrence.</p>
<p>When vaccinated people therefore suffer from serious adverse events, it doesn’t even occur to them that this could be from previous injections, and therefor don’t report it as such.</p>
<p>During the current world crisis the attacks on medical experts who are warning about vaccines, have gone to an even higher level. Medical experts are now being completely deplatformed from all social media, their websites are deranked by Google, entire YouTube channels are deleted, many have lost their jobs, and in some countries medical experts have been arrested, in an attempt to suppress the truth about the experimental covid injections.</p>
<p><strong>Scientists who speak out against vaccines are even labeled ‘domestic terrorists’. All means are deployed by the criminal vaccine cartel to suppress the truth.</strong></p>
<p>As a result countless medical professionals are afraid to report adverse events, which further contributes to the underreporting of these side effects. Additionally, the amount of scientific information warning for these dangerous biological agents, and the number of medical experts warning humanity, is so overwhelming and almost omnipresent – despite the aggressive attempts to silence them – that it is virtualy impossible for any medical professional to not be at least somewhat aware of the risk they are taking, by administering an untested DNA altering injection, without even informing their patients of what is being injected into their body.</p>
<p>If they then see their patients suffer or die, they are naturally afraid of being held accountable, so they refuse to report it.</p>
<p>Lastly: many medical professionals receive financial incentives to promote the vaccines. In the United Kingdom for example nurses get ₤10 per needle they put into a child. That again is a reason for them to not report adverse events.</p>
<p><strong>PROJECT VERITAS WHISTLEBLOWERS</strong></p>
<p><strong>DOCTORS AND NURSES SPEAK OUT: ‘THEY ARE NOT REPORTING!’</strong></p>
<p>Project Veritas is a journalistic organization that has been exposing crime and corruption in our world for years. They often receive video footage from hidden cameras, that reveal what is going on behind closed doors. They were contacted by several federal doctors and nurses, who can no longer be silent.</p>
<p>They see large numbers of patients come in with serious adverse reactions, like heart failure, and they notice how the authorities of their hospitals are not reporting any of these vaccine injuries. Dr. Maria Gonzales, ER doctor from the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, expresses her outrage about this in the Phoenix Indian Medical Center.</p>
<p>She discusses with a colleague how a patient was vaccinated and as a result got heart failure:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote" readability="8">
<p>‘They’re not going to blame the vaccine. But he has an obligation to report that, doesn’t he? They are not reporting!’ – ‘Right!’ – ‘Because they want to shove it under the mat. The government doesn’t want to show that the vaccine is full of shit.’</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In an interview with James O’Keefe from Project Veritas, the nurse Jodi O’Malley testifies:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote" readability="5">
<p>‘I’ve seen dozens of people come in with adverse reactions.’</p>
</blockquote>
<p>She adds that none of these are being reported. When asked if she isn’t afraid for repercussions for speaking the truth, she answers:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote" readability="6">
<p>‘I am not afraid, because my faith is in God. This is evil at the highest level.’</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The video also shows nurse Jodi talking to a doctor, who is desperate to break the silence:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote" readability="11">
<p>‘It is bullshit. I am about tired of it. So what we’re going to have to do, cause we’re on the inside… I’ve been thinking about it.’ – ‘And, what do we do?’ – ‘I don’t know, but there’s so much I want to blow up.’ – ‘So much. How do we do that?’ – ‘You know Project Veritas?’</p>
</blockquote>
<p>There are thousands of doctors and nurses like this, whose hearts are burning to speak out, but who are afraid.</p>
<p>Watch the videos from Project Veritas with the medical whistleblowers here:</p>
<p><a href="https://www.projectveritas.com/news/federal-govt-whistleblower-goes-public-with-secret-recordings-government/">https://www.projectveritas.com/news/federal-govt-whistleblower-goes-public-with-secret-recordings-government/</a></p>
<p><strong>THOUSANDS OF STORIES</strong></p>
<p><strong>FACEBOOK POST REVEALS TSUNAMI OF ADVERSE EVENTS</strong></p>
<p>A local ABC News Station posted a request on Facebook for people to share their stories of unvaccinated loved ones that died. They wanted to make a news story on this. What happened was totally unexpected. In five days time over 250,000 people posted comments, but not about unvaccinated beloved ones. All the comments talk about vaccinated loved ones that died shortly after being injected, or that are disabled for life. The 250,000 comments reveal a shocking deathwave among the population, and the heartwrenching suffering these injections are causing. The post was already shared 200,000 times, and counting…</p>
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<p>Notice in the last comment how the lady says that everybody in the hospital is afraid to report this as a vaccine reaction, and another person says ‘the doctors can’t report it’. That is proof of what I explained earlier: Most medical professionals are terrified to report adverse events, which causes the true prevalence of vaccine injuries to remain hidden from the world.</p>
<p>The 250,000+ comments show that once people find a safe place to report their suffering caused by the injections, we see a tsunami… This is only one single Facebook post, that is getting no media attention whatsoever. What would we see if this was announced on the news, and everyone was allowed to report their stories?</p>
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<p><strong>VACCINE DEATHS SUMMARY</strong></p>
<p><strong>WHAT IS HAPPENING IS FAR WORSE THAN WE THINK</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>VAERS published 16,000+ deaths and 450,000+ adverse events, as of August 28, 2021</li>
<li>CDC fraud expert says that number of deaths is at least five times higher150,000 reports have been rejected or scrubbed by the VAERS system.</li>
<li>The actual number of anaphylaxis is 50 to 120 times higher than claimed by the CDC</li>
<li>Vaccinated people who die within two weeks, are not listed as vaccine deaths</li>
<li>Moderna received over 300,000 reports of adverse events in only three months-time</li>
<li>The Lazarus Report shows that only 1% of adverse events is being reported by the public</li>
<li>The majority of the population is not aware of the existence of systems where they can report vaccine adverse events</li>
<li>Aggressive censorship and propaganda told the public that adverse events are rare, causing people to not understand how their health problems stem from past injections</li>
<li>The shaming and blaming of medical professionals who say anything against the vaccines, cause many in the medical community to avoid reporting adverse events</li>
<li>The fear of being held accountable after administering an injection that killed or disabled patients, further prevents medical personnel from reporting it</li>
<li>Having accepted financial incentives to promote, and administer the covid vaccines, also stops medical personnel from reporting adverse events</li>
<li>Profit driven vaccine manufacturers have every reason not to report the destruction their untested experimental products are causing 250,000+ Facebook users comment about vaccine deaths and serious injuries</li>
<li>Nurses and doctors testify how their hospitals are hiding vaccine injuries.</li>
</ul>
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<p><strong>WORLD EXPERTS WARN HUMANITY</strong></p>
<p><strong>LEADING SCIENTIFIC VOICES ISSUE GRAVE WARNINGS</strong></p>
<p>This alarming data leads world experts, like the Nobel Prize Winner in Medicine, <span><a href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/05/24/nobel-prize-winner-says-covid-vaccines-are-an-unacceptable-mistake/">Dr. Luc Montagnier, to issue a grave warning</a></span> that we are currently facing the greatest risk of worldwide genocide, in the history of humanity. Even the inventor of the mRNA technology, Dr. Robert Malone, warns against these injections that are using his technology.</p>
<p>The situation is so severe that former Pfizer vice president and chief scientist Dr. Mike Yeadon came forward to warn humanity for these extremely dangerous injections. One of his best known videos is titled <span>‘<a href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/07/27/dr-mike-yeadons-final-warning-to-humanity/">A</a></span> <a href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/07/27/dr-mike-yeadons-final-warning-to-humanity/">Final Warnin<span>g</span></a>’.</p>
<p>Another world renown scientist, Geert Vanden Bossche, former Head of Vaccine Development Office in Germany, and Chief Scientific Officer at Univac, also risks his name and career, by bravely speaking out against administration of the covid shots. The vaccine developer warns that the injections can compromise the immunity of the vaccinated, making them vulnerable for every new variant.</p>
<p><span><a href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/08/26/holocaust-survivors-send-open-letter-to-the-mhra-demanding-an-end-to-the-covid-19-vaccine-roll-out-because-they-are-seeing-another-holocaust-unfold-before-their-eyes/">WWII holocaust survivors wrote to the European Medicines Agency</a></span> demanding the injections to be stopped, which they consider to be a new holocaust.</p>
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<p>An anonymous document posted online by an individual who calls themselves Spartacus …</p>
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<p><strong>REFERENCES:</strong></p>
<p>1: <a href="https://renzlaw.godaddysites.com/45k-whistleblower-suit">https://renzlaw.godaddysites.com/45k-whistleblower-suit</a></p>
<p>2: <a href="https://www.icandecide.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Letter-to-Dr.-Walensky-re-anaphylaxis.pdf1" rel="nofollow">https://www.icandecide.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Letter-to-Dr.-Walensky-re-anaphylaxis.pdf1</a>: <a href="https://renzlaw.godaddysites.com/45k-whistleblower-suit" rel="nofollow">https://renzlaw.godaddysites.com/45k-whistleblower-suit</a></p>
<p>3: <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777417" rel="nofollow">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777417</a></p>
<p>4: <a href="https://centipedenation.com/first-column/150k-records-deleted-from-vaers-covid-database/" rel="nofollow">https://centipedenation.com/first-column/150k-records-deleted-from-vaers-covid-database/</a></p>
<p>5: <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/emilywillingham/2015/08/06/a-congressman-a-cdc-whisteblower-and-an-autism-" rel="nofollow">https://www.forbes.com/sites/emilywillingham/2015/08/06/a-congressman-a-cdc-whisteblower-and-an-autism-</a></p>
<p>tempest-in-a-trashcan/?sh=47819f145396</p>
<p>6: <a href="https://rumble.com/vm1yrt-wow-vaccine-caused-deaths-reported-as-un-vaxxed-covid-deaths.html" rel="nofollow">https://rumble.com/vm1yrt-wow-vaccine-caused-deaths-reported-as-un-vaxxed-covid-deaths.html</a></p>
<p>7: <a href="https://dissident.one/2021/08/29/18311/" rel="nofollow">https://dissident.one/2021/08/29/18311/</a></p>
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<h3 class="jp-relatedposts-headline"><em>Related</em></h3>
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source <a href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/10/06/the-vaccine-death-report-an-unprecedented-genocide/">https://theexpose.uk/2021/10/06/the-vaccine-death-report-an-unprecedented-genocide/</a>

revolution The Vaccine Death Report: An Unprecedented Genocide

The purpose of this report is to document how all over the world millions of people have died, and hundreds of millions of serious advers...

Viral Spartacus Report Exposes the Covid-19 Agenda, Warns the Elite “You Will Not Have Your New World Order”

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<p><strong>An anonymous document posted online by an individual who calls themselves Spartacus has gone viral. The ‘Covid letter’ sums up the current state of the ‘pandemic’, calling out the so-called ‘science’ attributed to Covid-19 and the vaccines.</strong></p>
<p>The letter begins with the individuals introducing themselves as Spartacus, stating that they have had enough with the current state of the world and the pandemic. He writes that Americans have been forced to watch their country and the “Free World” spin into “inexorable decline due to a biowarfare attack.” Along with the rest of the world, “we have been victimised and gaslit by propaganda and psychological warfare operations being conducted by an unelected, unaccountable Elite.”</p>
<p>Due to the pandemic, Spartacus states that our mental and physical health has suffered as a result of the Covid restrictions including mask mandates and lockdowns, which he calls “nonsensical acts” that have “done absolutely nothing to protect the health or wellbeing of the public from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.”</p>
<p>“Now, we are watching the medical establishment inject literal poison into millions of our fellow Americans without so much as a fight,” Spartacus writes. “We have been told that we will be fired and denied our livelihoods if we refuse to vaccinate. This was the last straw.”</p>
<p>The “Spartacus report”, as many users online have called it, goes in-depth revealing the truth of the pandemic following analysing hours of leaked footage from Wuhan, scientific papers from primary sources, along with paper trails left by the medical establishment.</p>
<h3>Here is a summary of the findings of the Spartacus report:</h3>
<ul>
<li>COVID-19 is a blood and blood vessel disease. SARS-CoV-2 infects the lining of human blood vessels, causing them to leak into the lungs.</li>
<li>Current treatment protocols (e.g. invasive ventilation) are actively harmful to patients, accelerating oxidative stress and causing severe VILI (ventilator-induced lung injuries). The continued use of ventilators in the absence of any proven medical benefit constitutes mass murder.</li>
<li>Existing countermeasures are inadequate to slow the spread of what is an aerosolized and potentially wastewater-borne virus, and constitute a form of medical theater.</li>
<li>Various non-vaccine interventions have been suppressed by both the media and the medical establishment in favor of vaccines and expensive patented drugs.</li>
<li>The authorities have denied the usefulness of natural immunity against COVID-19, despite the fact that natural immunity confers protection against all of the virus’s proteins, and not just one.</li>
<li>Vaccines will do more harm than good. The antigen that these vaccines are based on, SARS-CoV- 2 Spike, is a toxic protein. SARS-CoV-2 may have ADE, or antibody-dependent enhancement; current antibodies may not neutralize future strains, but instead help them infect immune cells. Also, vaccinating during a pandemic with a leaky vaccine removes the evolutionary pressure for a virus to become less lethal.</li>
<li>There is a vast and appalling criminal conspiracy that directly links both Anthony Fauci and Moderna to the Wuhan Institute of Virology.</li>
<li>COVID-19 vaccine researchers are directly linked to scientists involved in brain-computer interface (“neural lace”) tech, one of whom was indicted for taking grant money from China.</li>
<li>Independent researchers have discovered mysterious nanoparticles inside the vaccines that are not supposed to be present.</li>
<li>The entire pandemic is being used as an excuse for a vast political and economic transformation of Western society that will enrich the already rich and turn the rest of us into serfs and untouchables.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Covid-19 is a Disease of the Blood and is Being Treated Incorrectly</h3>
<p>The report notes that from their findings, Covid-19 is not viral pneumonia, despite what has been presented by the government, medical establishment and mainstream media. Spartacus writes that it is a “viral vascular endothelisis”, or a “disease of the blood and blood vessels.”</p>
<p>“In severe cases, this leads to sepsis, blood clots, and multiple organ failure, including hypoxic and inflammatory damage to various vital organs, such as the brain, heart, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and intestines.”</p>
<p>Due to the “wide tropism” of Covid-19 for various tissues in the body’s vital organs, it can reportedly present as any disease, but most often takes on cold and flu symptoms. However, it can also present as brain inflammation, stomach issues, or even heart attacks.</p>
<p>However, Spartacus notes that the majority of Covid-19 cases are mild, although those with underlying conditions or are classed as vulnerable are more likely to suffer if they contract covid. Additionally, those who are hospitalised and given treatment such as intubation, blood thinners, or are injected with corticosteroids, are in fact not being treated correctly.  </p>
<p>“In severe hypoxia, cellular metabolic shifts cause ATP to break down into hypoxanthine, which, upon the reintroduction of oxygen, causes xanthine oxidase to produce tons of highly damaging radicals that attack tissue. This is called ischemia-reperfusion injury, and it’s why the majority of people who go on a ventilator are dying. In the mitochondria, succinate buildup due to sepsis does the same exact thing; when oxygen is reintroduced, it makes superoxide radicals.</p>
<p>“Make no mistake, intubation will kill people who have COVID-19,” Spartacus warns.</p>
<p>Instead, Spartacus writes that the correct treatment for severe Covid-19 related sepsis is ” non-invasive ventilation, steroids, and antioxidant infusions.” Drugs that have been listed within the report to successfully treat covid are as follows: N-acetylcysteine, melatonin, fluvoxamine, budesonide, famotidine, cimetidine, and ranitidine are all antioxidants. Indomethacin prevents iron- driven oxidation of arachidonic acid to isoprostanes. </p>
<p>Ivermectin was noted as a successful treatment for Covid-19 and Spartacus noted the fact that India has almost completely eradicated Covid after they decided to go against the advice from the World Health organisation (WHO).</p>
<p>“The media have disingenuously claimed that because Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug, it has no utility as an antivirus. This is incorrect. Ivermectin has utility as an antiviral. It blocks importin, preventing nuclear import, effectively inhibiting viral access to cell nuclei. Many drugs currently on the market have multiple modes of action. Ivermectin is one such drug. It is both antiparasitic and antiviral.”</p>
<h3>Covid-19 is Airborne</h3>
<p>Regarding Covid-19 transmission, the Spartacus report confirms that the illness is airborne, contradicting the claims from WHO and the CDC that it is either droplet-borne or transmitted through “fomite-to-face contact.” Spartacus states that the social distancing guidelines are therefore ineffective as the only safe distance to stay safe from an aerosolised virus is 15+ feet.</p>
<p>Additionally, the use of masks does not protect anyone from Covid-19 because the virus is too small and the filter used has too larger gaps to filter it out. “They [masks] may catch respiratory droplets and keep the virus from being expelled by someone who is sick, but they do not filter a cloud of infectious aerosols if someone were to walk into said cloud,” Spartacus continues.</p>
<p>“The minimum level of protection against this virus is quite literally a P100 respirator, a PAPR/CAPR, or a 40mm NATO CBRN respirator, ideally paired with a full-body tyvek or tychem suit, gloves, and booties, with all the holes and gaps taped.”</p>
<h3>The Covid-19 Vaccine is Dangerous</h3>
<p>Along with the masks and social distancing – restrictions which have only led to poor mental and physical health – Spartacus states that the Covid-19 vaccines are dangerous and “leaky.” “This means they remove the evolutionary pressure on the virus to become less lethal. It also means that the vaccinated are perfect carriers. In other words, those who are vaccinated are a threat to the unvaccinated, not the other way around.”</p>
<p>The report highlights that the vaccines have not undergone thorough testing and it is unknown what the long-term effects of the jabs could be. Worryingly, as Spartacus notes, is the fact that the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines utilise an untested new technology that has not been used in vaccines before.  </p>
<p>“They are purported to consist of an intramuscular shot containing a suspension of lipid nanoparticles filled with messenger RNA. The way they generate an immune response is by fusing with cells in a vaccine recipient’s shoulder, undergoing endocytosis, releasing their mRNA cargo into those cells, and then utilizing the ribosomes in those cells to synthesise modified SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins in-situ.”</p>
<p>Spartacus writes that the modified spike protein is a highly pathogenic protein and it is impossible to “overstate the danger presented” by introducing it into the human body. Vaccine manufacturers have claimed that the spike protein and vaccine remains in the injected arm, although, Spartacus notes the <a href="https://www.naturalnews.com/files/Pfizer-bio-distribution-confidential-document-translated-to-english.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Japanese Pfizer bio-distribution study</a> that showed that the lipid nanoparticles and mRNA from the vaccine actually accumulated in many different organs, including the <a href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/07/20/are-the-covid-19-vaccines-affecting-fertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reproductive</a> organs and adrenal glands.</p>
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<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img alt="" class="wp-image-20041" data-attachment-id="20041" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Emily Smith","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1633514447","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="bio" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/bio.jpg?fit=639%2C419&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/bio.jpg?fit=300%2C197&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/bio.jpg?fit=1199%2C786&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1199,786" data-permalink="https://theexpose.uk/2021/10/06/viral-spartacus-report-exposes-the-covid-19-agenda-warns-the-elite-you-will-not-have-your-new-world-order%ef%bf%bc/bio-2/" data-recalc-dims="1" height="419" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px" src="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/bio.jpg?resize=639%2C419&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/bio.jpg?resize=1024%2C671&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/bio.jpg?resize=300%2C197&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/bio.jpg?resize=768%2C503&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/theexpose.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/bio.jpg?w=1199&ssl=1 1199w" width="639" />
<figcaption>A table from the Pfizer bio-distribution study showing where the lipid nanoparticles were found in the body and at what levels.</figcaption>
</figure>
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<p>Spartacus also writes that the spike proteins in the vaccines can promote extreme inflammation, encouraging the antibodies produced to attack the body’s own cells. This presents as adverse reactions such as blood clots, myocarditis, Bells’s Palsy and other autoimmune events.</p>
<p>Along with causing life-changing adverse reactions, the vaccines reportedly increase the infectiousness of Covid-19. Spartacus notes that the antibodies that are produced post-vaccination become mutated – including antibodies from a previous infection – act as “trojan horses,  allowing live, active virus to be pulled into macrophages through their Fc receptor pathways, allowing the virus to infect immune cells that it would not have been able to infect before.”</p>
<p>This means that if someone who is vaccinated with the Covid-19 jab is infected in the future with a further mutated strain of the virus, they may become severely ill, and also the illness they transmit may be more infectious to others.</p>
<p>Due to these reasons, Spartacus urges people not to take the vaccine under any circumstances, calling for the vaccination campaign to be stopped immediately.</p>
<p>Concluding his report, Spartacus writes that the Covid-19 pandemic was produced and perpetuated by the establishment as an act of biowarfare. The gain of function research, as it has been labelled, allowed those responsible to determine which viruses have the highest potential for “zoonotic spillover” and thus produce a vaccine.</p>
<p>“Either through a leak or an intentional release from the Wuhan Institute of Virology, a deadly SARS strain is now endemic across the globe, after the WHO and CDC and public officials first downplayed the risks, and then intentionally incited a panic and lockdowns that jeopardized people’s health and their livelihoods.</p>
<p>“This was then used by the utterly depraved and psychopathic aristocratic class who rule over us as an excuse to coerce people into accepting an injected poison which may be a depopulation agent, a mind control/pacification agent in the form of injectable “smart dust”, or both in one. They believe they can get away with this by weaponizing the social stigma of vaccine refusal. They are incorrect.”</p>
<h3>According to Spartacus, the pandemic and its respinse has served multiple purposes for the Elite:</h3>
<ul>
<li>Concealing a depression brought on by the usurious plunder of our economies conducted by rentier-capitalists and absentee owners who produce absolutely nothing of any value to society whatsoever. Instead of us having a very predictable Occupy Wall Street Part II, the Elites and their stooges got to stand up on television and paint themselves as wise and all-powerful saviors instead of the marauding cabal of despicable land pirates that they are.</li>
<li>Destroying small businesses and eroding the middle class.</li>
<li>Transferring trillions of dollars of wealth from the American public and into the pockets of billionaires and special interests.</li>
<li>Engaging in insider trading, buying stock in biotech companies and shorting brick-and-mortar businesses and travel companies, with the aim of collapsing face-to-face commerce and tourism and replacing it with e-commerce and servitization.</li>
<li>Creating a casus belli for war with China, encouraging us to attack them, wasting American lives and treasure and driving us to the brink of nuclear armageddon.</li>
<li>Establishing technological and biosecurity frameworks for population control and technocratic- socialist “smart cities” where everyone’s movements are despotically tracked, all in anticipation of widespread automation, joblessness, and food shortages, by using the false guise of a vaccine to compel cooperation.</li>
</ul>
<p>In conclusion, Spartacus speaks directly to the Elites, stating: “<strong>Damn you to hell. You will not destroy America and the Free World, and you will not have your New World Order. We will make certain of that.</strong>“</p>
<h3>You can read the Spartacus report in full <a href="https://www.docdroid.net/z3E19up/covid-19-the-spartacus-letter-pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HERE</a>.</h3>
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<h3 class="jp-relatedposts-headline"><em>Related</em></h3>
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source <a href="https://theexpose.uk/2021/10/06/viral-spartacus-report-exposes-the-covid-19-agenda-warns-the-elite-you-will-not-have-your-new-world-order%EF%BF%BC/">https://theexpose.uk/2021/10/06/viral-spartacus-report-exposes-the-covid-19-agenda-warns-the-elite-you-will-not-have-your-new-world-order%EF%BF%BC/</a>

revolution Viral Spartacus Report Exposes the Covid-19 Agenda, Warns the Elite “You Will Not Have Your New World Order”

An anonymous document posted online by an individual who calls themselves Spartacus has gone viral. The ‘Covid letter’ sums up the curren...

Why lawmakers are fighting over the debt ceiling — again

<div><img class="ff-og-image-inserted" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5JmVpPn9iOXQNJCUVYqtVXsVQeA=/0x0:8192x4289/fit-in/1200x630/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905391/1332197076.jpg" /></div>
<p>Every couple of years, Congress finds itself standing at the same precipice: If lawmakers don’t agree to suspend or raise the debt ceiling, the federal government risks defaulting on its loans, likely causing a massive economic crisis.</p>
<p>Lawmakers are now back at the brink, scrambling to pass a suspension to the debt limit — a legal cap to how much the country can borrow — even as they wrestle over an expansive infrastructure package and social spending bill. According to estimates from Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen, lawmakers have until October 18 to avoid a potential default.</p>
<p>For weeks, Republicans plainly refused to support legislation addressing the debt ceiling because they want to paint Democrats as big spenders who’ve racked up the debt — and as hypocrites who are willing to pass a larger social spending bill on party lines, but unwilling to raise the ceiling the same way.</p>
<p>“Republicans’ position is simple. We have no list of demands,” Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell <a href="https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000017c-4b9b-dddc-a77e-4f9b932b0000">wrote to President Joe Biden on Monday</a>. “For two and a half months, we have simply warned that since your party wishes to govern alone, it must handle the debt limit alone as well.”</p>
<p>But on Wednesday, McConnell said that Republicans would not block a short-term increase of the debt limit until December, as long as Democrats met certain conditions.</p>
<p>Republicans’ position on the debt ceiling is the latest attempt to use it for political leverage. Debt has been accrued under both Democratic and Republican lawmakers, and both political parties have used looming debt crises to argue that the other side is being fiscally irresponsible. In more recent years, the GOP, in particular, has used such disagreements to extract policy concessions. In the current fight, Republicans’ willingness until now to oppose a suspension without any requests was more novel, and a clear indication that the GOP primarily hoped to gain ammunition it could use against Democrats in the future.</p>
<p>“This is a very dangerous game of chicken we’re playing,” says Laura Blessing, a senior fellow at Georgetown University’s Government Affairs Institute.</p>
<p>It seems as though Republican leaders have now swerved for the time being, wanting to avoid economic collapse. If lawmakers move forward with a short-term increase, however, it’s likely they’ll find themselves in the same stalemate in a few months.</p>
<p>Raising or suspending the debt limit, much like approving government appropriations, is a routine issue that Congress is tasked with. <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/22684328/us-debt-ceiling-government-shutdown-biden-democrats">As Vox’s Dylan Matthews has explained</a>, the United States is unique in having a debt limit that lawmakers need to suspend or raise every few years; since the 1960s, Congress has raised or suspended the debt limit roughly 80 times, <a href="https://apnews.com/article/debt-limit-explained-8c9cbcd3d0c4a8fe989a0110f5159f7c">according to the Associated Press.</a></p>
<p>The last time lawmakers suspended the debt limit was in 2019, when both the House and Senate did so on a bipartisan basis.</p>
<p>This time, however, Republicans had refused to allow even a short-term measure to move forward until this week. They argued that it wasn’t because they didn’t want one, but because they feel that Democrats, who control both houses of Congress and the White House, should be responsible for approving it on their own.</p>
<p>“The debt ceiling will be raised, as it always should be. But it will be raised by the Democrats,” McConnell has said. (In the past, if a party held both the White House and Senate, data shows that its members have made up the bulk of the votes for such efforts, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/10/05/congress-is-struggling-raise-nations-debt-cap-heres-what-you-need-know/">political scientist Sarah Binder explained in the Washington Post</a>. It was less common, though, for the minority party to filibuster such attempts.)</p>
<p>Republicans’ refusal to act for weeks was largely political: Republicans broadly want to make sure that Democrats get the blame for accepting new debt while also trying to pass a large social spending package along party lines. The debt that would be addressed includes spending that took place during the Trump administration, like the $2.2 trillion CARES Act and more than $1.5 trillion in tax cuts.</p>
<p>Sen. Rick Scott (R-FL), the head of Republicans’ Senate campaign arm, recently acknowledged the party’s political motives. “Oh, you better believe it,” <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/why-gop-threatening-block-debt-limit-extension-they-say-needed-n1280064">Scott told NBC News</a> when asked about whether he’d be using Democratic votes in favor of raising the debt limit to attack them in campaign ads during the 2022 midterms.</p>
<p>So far, Republicans have already filibustered, or blocked, an attempt by Democrats to approve a suspension to the debt ceiling in a short-term spending bill that would have also funded the government through mid-December. This week, they’re poised to do so again when lawmakers consider a standalone suspension into next year. When filibustered, legislation requires 60 votes to pass, meaning the 50-person Democratic caucus would need to find 10 Republican lawmakers to join them.</p>
<p>As a concession, McConnell has promised that Republicans won’t filibuster a short-term debt limit increase into December and he suggested that the party wouldn’t slow attempts to approve an increase via budget reconciliation. Thus far, Democrats have been reluctant to use budget reconciliation because of how long and convoluted the process could be. Taking this approach could require proposing a specific increase to the debt ceiling, which Democrats wanted to avoid as well.</p>
<p>Political threats about the debt ceiling have been around for a long time.</p>
<p><a href="https://money.cnn.com/2013/09/06/news/economy/debt-ceiling-crisis/index.html">In the 1950s,</a> Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower navigated standoffs with Democratic members of Congress about increasing the debt ceiling. At the time, Senate Democrats argued that the federal government should focus on reducing its expenditures rather than raising the debt cap. By withholding their support for a higher ceiling, lawmakers forced the administration to consider serious spending cuts.</p>
<p>Since then, the debt ceiling has been weaponized by members of both parties: Because a suspension or increase is a must-pass measure, lawmakers have tried to push for their demands to be addressed in exchange for votes. And many have opted to vote against debt increases as a way to portray the opposing party as involved in irresponsible spending. Republicans, for instance, like to point out that Biden was among the senators who opposed raising the debt limit in 2006 when Republicans had congressional control. (Democrats did not filibuster the final vote on the debt limit that year, however.)</p>
<p>“My vote against the debt limit increase cannot change the fact that we have incurred this debt already, and will no doubt incur more,” Biden said that year. “It is a statement that I refuse to be associated with the policies that brought us to this point.”</p>
<p>A recent fight in 2011 was a turning point; some lawmakers actually seemed open to a possible default.</p>
<p>That year, Republicans balked on suspending the debt limit and refused to do so until President Barack Obama agreed to key spending cuts, concessions they ultimately secured. The US got so close to default that year that it led Standard and Poor’s to downgrade the country’s credit rating.</p>
<p>Political experts note that this disagreement marked one of the first times it seemed like lawmakers were actually willing to go over the edge, despite the economic chaos that could ensue.</p>
<p>“I’d definitely say 2011 was a step forward in how aggressively the debt ceiling was weaponized to secure partisan policy goals,” said Josh Bivens, the director of research at the Economic Policy Institute. “I’d say 1995 was also important; [House Speaker Newt] Gingrich threatened this but didn’t take it as far as the GOP did in 2011.”</p>
<p>In the years since, lawmakers, specifically Republicans, have become more aggressive in holding debt ceiling increases hostage in order to either elicit a policy demand or make a point. In 2013, Republicans did not support ending debate on the debt ceiling, a practice that had been uncommon beforehand. The willingness to filibuster the debt ceiling, experts say, is a sign of how partisan many legislative fights — including this one — have become.</p>
<p>“We’ve seen a dramatic increase in the use of a filibuster ... you need 60 votes for everything,” says Shai Akabas, the director of economic policy at the Bipartisan Policy Center. “It’s not unique to the debt limit.”</p>
<p>Because majorities in Congress have narrowed in recent years for both parties, experts note that there’s greater incentive to stymying the other party’s efforts, since it could offer an advantage in the upcoming elections — and allow the minority to retake control.</p>
<p>“It’s much more common to exert all procedural options to something like appropriations or the debt ceiling. There’s much more brinksmanship. It’s expected that every September 30, we’ll be approaching a shutdown. It’s expected that every October, we could approach a default,” says Josh Huder, a senior fellow at Georgetown’s Government Affairs Institute. “It’s using all of the legislative tools to put the majority party in a bad position, for electoral gain.”</p>
<p>The US government doesn’t have to work this way.</p>
<p>Congress could pass legislation doing away with the debt ceiling, and the president has options to ignore it as well, though they’d likely prompt legal challenges. <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/22684328/us-debt-ceiling-government-shutdown-biden-democrats">As Vox’s Dylan Matthews has reported</a>, options range from the president invoking the 14th Amendment and ignoring the debt limit to Congress approving an increase to the debt cap that’s so high it basically nullifies the ceiling.</p>
<p>Abolishing the debt limit altogether would prevent either party from using this process as political leverage and eliminate the risk of the US defaulting on its obligations. Doing so would greatly reduce the uncertainty that comes around every time there’s a deadline like this and prevent significant market volatility that results.</p>
<p>“There are zero downsides to getting rid of the debt ceiling. It is utterly meaningless as a policy guide or institution; it is good only for grid-locking government. And, in the modern age, gridlock is an enormous problem, given the huge pressing needs policymakers should be addressing,” says Bivens, of the Economic Policy Institute.</p>
<p>Others note that it could take away an opportunity for Congress to debate fiscal policy. But many feel like that’s a moot point, given debt ceiling standoffs are rarely about any specific spending anymore, but rather about weakening the electoral advantage of the party in power.</p>
<p>“The debt limit was one of those stoppage points that has encouraged and allowed for conversations over how to address health care costs, tax policy, how to address fiscal reforms,” says Marc Goldwein, policy director at the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. “We haven’t seen that in any of the recent increases. An argument against repealing it is you lose that stoppage point.”</p>
<p>Rather than do away with the debt limit altogether, some experts have proposed options like giving the president the ability to propose a suspension that Congress would need to override if it disagreed, making it tougher for legislators to jam up that process. A proposal that Akabas of the Bipartisan Policy Center supports would pair this proposal with a mandatory debate on fiscal policy to force Congress to confront spending issues.</p>
<p>Whether there’s enough political will to make any of these changes is heavily in doubt; both parties have used this must-pass legislation to make political statements when it suits them.</p>
<p>“I’m not sure there’s all that much desire to take it off the table in terms of members of the minority losing this political thing they have to fight with,” University of Texas Austin government professor Alison Craig told Vox.</p>
<p>Instead, it seems as though lawmakers are comfortable getting right up to the brink — and running the risk of a default again and again.</p>
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source <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/10/6/22691910/debt-ceiling-congress">https://www.vox.com/2021/10/6/22691910/debt-ceiling-congress</a>

vox Why lawmakers are fighting over the debt ceiling — again

Every couple of years, Congress finds itself standing at the same precipice: If lawmakers don’t agree to suspend or raise the debt ceiling,...

The WHO approval of the first malaria vaccine is a big deal

<p>Every year, malaria kills more than <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/impact.html">400,000 people</a>, most of them children. There has been <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/malaria">significant progress against the disease in the past few decades</a> — death rates have fallen nearly in half since 2000 — but there’s still a long way to go.</p>
<p>For decades, researchers have been working on developing a vaccine. It hasn’t been easy. Malaria, a parasite infection, is hard to vaccinate against, and many attempted vaccines haven’t produced durable immunity.</p>
<p>But progress is happening. On Wednesday, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced it has given its <a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/06-10-2021-who-recommends-groundbreaking-malaria-vaccine-for-children-at-risk">stamp of approval to a vaccine against malaria for children</a> for the first time, after encouraging results from a pilot study that has reached hundreds of thousands of children across parts of sub-Saharan Africa since 2019. The vaccine, called Mosquirix and made by GlaxoSmithKline, is far from perfect — it produces about a <a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/06-10-2021-who-recommends-groundbreaking-malaria-vaccine-for-children-at-risk">30 percent reduction in severe malaria</a> in fully vaccinated children, which is lifesaving but smaller than would be hoped for.</p>
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<p>But the WHO recommendation is a step forward in the fight against one of humanity’s deadliest remaining infectious disease enemies. It will likely lead to countries adding the vaccine to their childhood immunization programs starting immediately. And it’s only the first step of many to come. Researchers are already working to improve on Mosquirix, and with a combination of different approaches, it might be possible for the world to significantly cut down on malaria’s staggering human toll for good.</p>
<p>“This is a historic moment. The long-awaited malaria vaccine for children is a breakthrough for science, child health, and malaria control,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria">said</a>.</p>
<p>Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that causes fever and chills, and in severe cases anemia, seizures, and respiratory problems. With treatment, it’s very rarely fatal. Nonetheless, it is estimated that the approximately <a href="https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/malaria">220 million cases of malaria each year cause about 400,000 deaths</a>. Even preventing 40 percent of cases saves many lives, and since part of the malaria parasite’s life cycle is inside a human host, disrupting some cases will benefit even the people who are not conferred immunity.</p>
<p>Researchers have been working for more than 30 years on <a href="https://www.malariavaccine.org/malaria-and-vaccines/rtss">the line of research that led to this malaria vaccine</a>. While widespread use of insecticide-treated bednets, preventive treatment, and indoor spraying have driven <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4901420/">malaria deaths down significantly since 2000</a>, the gains from those approaches have been <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/malaria">flattening in recent years</a>.</p>
<figure class="e-image"><span class="e-image__inner"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png"><picture class="c-picture" data-cid="site/picture_element-1633556746_6525_25640" data-cdata='{"asset_id":22905603,"ratio":"*"}'><source srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/UGCcOHTBnNg-vo7WyIvlG7zBULw=/0x0:817x612/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Ax-g5re6mgAaqoZjS3jP3m5tvgY=/0x0:817x612/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/uL15tSqjaj39rX09KvF2hxVjS-U=/0x0:817x612/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZqZfa3Dsrj6Wwz4S0s7zY44N6tY=/0x0:817x612/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MvSJ-8xNQcTVWZuhjweEp2XXC_8=/0x0:817x612/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/xG9kC-K01P_EzDbmzmJgHj8sd6Q=/0x0:817x612/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/2aSbElXLD-MSZM0yVUvf6dy6_9M=/0x0:817x612/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/qWPJzym68mPgZ9x1L0ovBzd8lHk=/0x0:817x612/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/jRHG6GHAQ_k6eyhgCZgEhSzy88c=/0x0:817x612/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" type="image/webp" /> <img alt="" data-upload-width="817" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/-7qNzcfZvjiZLk_siZizOis5DBE=/0x0:817x612/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/cXSaADETeVEtPCUYin20ns20Dic=/0x0:817x612/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/at-DDme_16V60dcjnJWpLgPta9M=/0x0:817x612/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/MZUke6Zl1TBEPbCRJI8mFabAV_Y=/0x0:817x612/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/btLDL2J_feChzSsx7B8Xks-aKQI=/0x0:817x612/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/M8Szi7seYvHNJZucyyC7APVvjOA=/0x0:817x612/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/SSGJFpQMLzNftDjaWqz3o33ZLxM=/0x0:817x612/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/KpINTZVB5FL-8eyI989kXk5DNcM=/0x0:817x612/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/l5qh_aOSMSCnQtQqSRUGXqzygpQ=/0x0:817x612/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/1P_IOEU1Q1iYcJKxvX2dx3KTpto=/0x0:817x612/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:817x612):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905603/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_11.23.29_AM.png 1920w" /></picture></span></span>
<figcaption><span class="e-image__meta">Our World In Data</span></figcaption>
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<p>Continued progress against malaria is going to require new tools in the toolbox — and Mosquirix, also known as RTS,S, looks like a promising one.</p>
<p>In clinical trials, the vaccine prevented about 40 percent of cases of malaria, and 30 percent of the most severe cases. That’s much, much lower than the success rate of vaccines for most other early childhood diseases. The measles vaccine, by comparison, is <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/measles/vaccination.html">97 percent effective</a>, and the chickenpox vaccine <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/varicella/hcp-effective-duration.htm">prevents 85 percent of cases</a> and nearly 100 percent of severe cases.</p>
<p>But with malaria killing hundreds of thousands of people every year, even a partially effective vaccine can be a lifesaver for many, many people. <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003377">Recent research</a> modeling the effects of a widespread Mosquirix rollout estimates that “5.3 million cases and 24,000 deaths could be averted” if we’re able to get the vaccine to the 30 million people at the greatest risk annually.</p>
<p>Evidence from the pilot rollout in Malawi also suggests that the vaccine <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2026330">works well in combination with existing malaria-fighting options</a> like the distribution of malaria-preventing drugs to children in high-risk areas. That’s important, because the vaccine isn’t sufficient on its own.</p>
<p>“Many global health organizations have worked long and hard to make an efficacious malaria vaccine a reality. There’s still an imperative to sustain existing interventions alongside, so we’ll be looking for donors to up their total contributions to fight against malaria to incorporate this new tool into their armaments,” Amanda Glassman, the executive vice president at the Center for Global Development, said in a statement.</p>
<p>The vaccine is administered as a series of four shots — three a month apart, and then a fourth a year later — and the effectiveness of further booster shots is being tested. With more than 2 million shots administered in the pilot programs to date, very few serious side effects have been reported, so the vaccine’s safety profile looks good. The vaccine is also relatively cost-effective, costing about <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0244995">$5 a dose</a>.</p>
<p>The WHO approval does not, by itself, ensure widespread vaccine access. Instead, now that the organization has made its recommendation, the next steps are “funding decisions from the global health community for broader rollout, and country decision-making on whether to adopt the vaccine as part of national malaria control strategies,” the WHO <a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/06-10-2021-who-recommends-groundbreaking-malaria-vaccine-for-children-at-risk">says</a>.</p>
<p>But many countries follow WHO recommendations in setting their national health policy, and the recommendation is expected to spur countries to add this vaccine to their anti-malaria toolbox. And the WHO announcement will hopefully also spur funders to step up and help pay for ensuring the vaccine reaches everyone who needs it.</p>
<p>The Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria in humans needs both blood-sucking insects and humans for its life cycle. It grows inside a mosquito and is transferred to a human host when the mosquito bites them. Then the parasite migrates to the liver, replicates itself, and infects the blood — where it can be taken up by the bite of another mosquito.</p>
<p>When the parasite is in the blood, it causes fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Healthy adults usually recover, but those with a weaker immune system — especially young children and pregnant people — can die. In addition, it’s also one of the <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21518174/malaria-pregnancy-loss-miscarriage-stillbirth">leading causes of miscarriages and stillbirths in the world</a>.</p>
<p>(Older people who live in regions where malaria is endemic are, surprisingly, not especially vulnerable. The theory is that after sufficient exposure to malaria over a lifetime, the immune system develops a general anti-parasite response that might be more durable than malaria-specific immunity.)</p>
<p>In rich countries, malaria was largely eradicated in the mid-20th century through mass spraying of insecticides, including ones like DDT that have since been banned due to their ecological consequences. But many poor countries still have endemic malaria, and the range of malarial mosquitos is <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/3/7/18254825/zika-dengue-yellow-fever-mosquitos-climate-change">expanding due to climate change</a>.</p>
<p>Vaccinating against malaria is tricky. Parasites are much more complex than viruses, with many possible sites that the immune system might be trained to recognize.</p>
<p>“Malaria vaccine [development] has been a graveyard for really great ideas,” Derek Lowe, a researcher who writes about drug discovery, told me <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22399386/malaria-vaccine-r21mm-public-health-global-child-mortality">earlier this year</a>. “We’ve learned about a lot of stuff that doesn’t work.”</p>
<p>Targeting the parasite once it’s in the blood, for example, has been tried repeatedly but has <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915341/">never succeeded</a>.</p>
<p>Exposing the body to dead or neutralized Plasmodium? A dead end. Researchers have been working on this for decades, and progress has been rare.</p>
<p>The earliest success stories of vaccination involved vaccines against diseases that produce lifelong immunity, like smallpox and polio. Those are viruses, so they’re much simpler to target. And since you can’t be reinfected with those diseases, the vaccine only needs to provoke the same immune response as the disease did originally, and the patient is safe for life.</p>
<p>But in the case of malaria, naturally acquired immunity against it typically is only partial and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2620631/">fades out in a few years</a>. Researchers have been working for decades to figure out <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22307700/malaria-rna-vaccines-covid-19">how a vaccine can induce durable immunity</a>, and most of that work has ended in frustrating failures.</p>
<p>That’s now changing. Mosquirix is the first vaccine to get promising results, but other vaccines have actually shown even higher efficacy in early trials. A recent phase 2 clinical trial of a malaria vaccine called R21/MM found <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3830681">77 percent efficacy</a> — a big step up, if it holds up in larger-scale trials.</p>
<p>And with many <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22307700/malaria-rna-vaccines-covid-19">other vaccine candidates</a> making their way through trials, these two early vaccines are likely to be joined by others.</p>
<p>The progress of malaria vaccine candidates is a story that’s rarely in the headlines but is big news for the world. Lessening the burden of this deadly disease for millions of people will save and improve a lot of lives. Vaccination is one of our most powerful tools against infectious disease, and our recent successes at bringing it to bear on one of our deadliest enemies is a triumph worth celebrating.</p>
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source <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2021/10/6/22712898/who-malaria-vaccine-approval">https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2021/10/6/22712898/who-malaria-vaccine-approval</a>

vox The WHO approval of the first malaria vaccine is a big deal

Every year, malaria kills more than 400,000 people , most of them children. There has been significant progress against the disease in the p...

Our amazing sense of touch, explained by a Nobel laureate

<p>Before 2010, scientists knew very little about how the sensation of touch begins its journey into a person’s consciousness. They knew that nerve endings help carry the message from different parts of our bodies to our brains. But they didn’t know what kind of receptor on the nerve ending causes the message to fire — for example, when a person touches an ice cube or places a hand on a hot stove. You could say that researchers understood the wires, but not the light switch.</p>
<p>Then came <a href="https://www.scripps.edu/faculty/patapoutian/">Ardem Patapoutian</a>.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(17)30083-0.pdf">In 2010,</a> Patapoutian and his colleagues at the Scripps Research Institute discovered the proteins that serve as two kinds of switches — proteins called Piezo1 and Piezo2 (piezo is Greek for the verb “to press”). This week, Patapoutian <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2021/advanced-information/">shared a Nobel prize</a> with David Julius, who similarly discovered how sensations of heat and cold enter our awareness.</p>
<p>In mammals like humans, piezo receptors transmit mechanical sensations to the nervous system. When cells that contain these piezo receptors are stretched, the receptors open up, letting in ions (charged particles) and setting off an electrical pulse.</p>
<p>But each type of receptor has a slightly different use. Piezo1 is part of our body’s built-in blood pressure monitoring system, as well as other internal systems that rely on pressure-sensing. Piezo2, on the other hand, is “the principle mechanosensor for touch and proprioception,” Patapoutian told me in 2019.</p>
<p>That is, without Piezo2, we couldn’t feel another person’s hand graze our own.</p>
<p>Proprioception, which also relies on Piezo2, is less well-known than the sense of touch, but it’s sometimes referred to as the body’s “sixth” sense. It’s our sense of where our bodies are in three-dimensional space.</p>
<figure class="e-image"><span class="e-image__inner"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png"><picture class="c-picture" data-cid="site/picture_element-1633554899_2154_33825" data-cdata='{"asset_id":22905335,"ratio":"*"}'><source srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ByPpOqHqm5uIWC5AerDacHZ45IQ=/0x0:763x406/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/PQN_ERij-X087I-DqNGrHQ9uxCo=/0x0:763x406/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/lSo_K3FdhF1g0LkPmejV8wNNfas=/0x0:763x406/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Xp9-rUMbYSjlyB3SIMw8GMGgwuc=/0x0:763x406/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6MYRKMzZET9BLtXtcsNlcESAa5o=/0x0:763x406/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/5dgL6aJLJ9I8JlntBZrNDO9tbOk=/0x0:763x406/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6zzHGeoP6-3aFZK1T59X6NtG87A=/0x0:763x406/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZqX9Eq7TjDvrQpipe_r5iqUpQz4=/0x0:763x406/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/WlHyhB8qGu36UmZ0eSR1d6uG3G0=/0x0:763x406/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" type="image/webp" /> <img alt="" data-upload-width="763" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/j03E79RpVM6P-bcidJ8G6aKV6Uc=/0x0:763x406/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/1bm1H7d5QMna5P5TN8huZFq1kz8=/0x0:763x406/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/OUMIAr0Bf8Z0TAWhu4ZvzlTIiw4=/0x0:763x406/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/w-S0X-71_Of7xV5jGOkOx3iP3gU=/0x0:763x406/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0pKCwd4CKalglCxGGMCpYO4-y0o=/0x0:763x406/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/eoElv5AX9hme68GzdlxpnXqebmA=/0x0:763x406/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Kp8nxtoo6kN72jIp4hNB_JnPSOQ=/0x0:763x406/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/aJFzA8_g67DhKGxm-BFKYtsWnVg=/0x0:763x406/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/tgoQmfNUM2Zt3nmv98HNVxn3Jew=/0x0:763x406/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/2UwohOVsqpwaJjs-Warnu4u8aXU=/0x0:763x406/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:763x406):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22905335/Screen_Shot_2021_10_06_at_12.38.47_PM.png 1920w" /></picture></span></span> <span class="e-image__meta"><cite><a class="ql-link" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2021/advanced-information/" target="_blank">NobelPrize.org</a></cite></span></figure>
<p>It’s easier to explain proprioception with a demonstration. If you put a cup out in front of you and then close your eyes, you can still find the cup with your hand. Proprioception is what guides your intuition of how far to move your hand and in which direction.</p>
<p>“It’s truly fascinating that we are not aware of it,” Patapoutian said of proprioception during a 2019 interview with Vox. “When I give lectures, even to college students or graduate students, I sometimes ask: “How many people know of proprioception?” Even specialized biologists often don’t know anything about it.”</p>
<p>I spoke to Patapoutian for a story about people who are missing <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/11/22/20920762/proprioception-sixth-sense">Piezo2 receptors</a> in their bodies because of a genetic inheritance. When they close their eyes, “it’s like I am lost,” one of them told me. With their eyes closed, they cannot reach for the cup in front of them. They have no idea where it is. They have no idea where their arms are in space.</p>
<p>Patapoutian helped me understand that the human sense of touch contains multitudes — and to this day, scientists don’t fully understand it. But as scientists learn more about touch receptors, they’re also figuring out how to tend to a body that’s in pain.</p>
<p><em>This conversation, which took place in 2019, has been edited for length and clarity.</em></p>
<h4>Brian Resnick</h4>
<p>What is the sense of touch?</p>
<h4>Ardem Patapoutian</h4>
<p>We think about the five senses: vision, olfaction, taste, hearing, and touch. If you really start digging deep into touch, it’s so different than the rest of the senses.</p>
<p>When you talk about touch, there’s so many modalities to it: There’s different physical forces we sense, like temperature and mechanical force. There’s itch. There’s this [spectrum] of pleasant touch to noxious to painful.</p>
<p>It’s a very complex system. The demarcation of when pleasant touch ends and painful touch starts is actually very flexible. If you have a sunburn, for example, the same amount of touch that could have been pleasant becomes painful.</p>
<p>All of what I was just talking about is sensation on skin.</p>
<p>Again, if you put on top of it proprioception and internal organ sensation, it’s a very complicated sense that we don’t really understand. There’s no totally, well-agreed terminology even to describe clearly what we mean by touch and somatosensation.</p>
<h4>Brian Resnick</h4>
<p>How is proprioception related to touch?</p>
<h4>Ardem Patapoutian</h4>
<p>Proprioception is dependent on your sensory system detecting muscle stretch. When that muscle gets stretched, these nerve endings that are wrapped around it can sense it. Piezo2 is actually sitting right at the ends of these nerves, where [they] wrap around the muscle.</p>
<p>When you close your eyes and touch your nose, how are you doing this? What’s the information that you’re basing this on? It’s all about learning, as you grow up, to sense how much each of these muscles are being stretched when you’re making these complex motions of your hand. From that, you know exactly where things are.</p>
<p>People sometimes call it muscle memory. It’s actually mostly these proprioceptive neurons that are giving you this understanding of where your limbs are compared to your body — simply from detecting how much your tendons and muscles are being stretched.</p>
<h4>Brian Resnick</h4>
<p>Touch and proprioception use the same receptor: Piezo2. But all those other sensations you described — temperature, itch, pain — do those all enter us through different receptors? Is it the case that all these different types of touch feelings have a different specific molecule responsible for them?</p>
<h4>Ardem Patapoutian</h4>
<p>Absolutely, the molecules are different. There are temperature sensors at very different ranges of temperature. Cold, heat, warm are all different.</p>
<p>From 2000 to 2010, my lab studied temperature sensation. We, for example, identified the first cold-activated ion channel. It ended up also being the receptor for menthol. Anytime you use one of these chewing gums or toothpastes that gives that cooling sensation in your mouth, it hijacks the cold-activated channel.</p>
<h4>Brian Resnick</h4>
<p>Is the goal to try to find the sensor responsible for each sensation?</p>
<h4>Ardem Patapoutian</h4>
<p>Yeah. What seems to have worked is starting with a very reductionist approach, in the sense of finding the sensor.</p>
<h4>Brian Resnick</h4>
<p>Are some of these sensors still elusive?</p>
<h4>Ardem Patapoutian</h4>
<p>Absolutely. Without Piezo2, you don’t have touch, you don’t have proprioception. However, acute touch — the hammer hitting your finger “ouch” kind of feeling — the identity of these ion channels that account for acute pain is still unknown.</p>
<h4>Brian Resnick</h4>
<p>I don’t know if this gets more into philosophy than science, but are we just the sum of all these inputs?</p>
<h4>Ardem Patapoutian</h4>
<p>I think the clear thing one has to realize is that sensory biology is not telling us about reality. It is <em>representing</em> reality.</p>
<p>[Reality is] very related to these senses. But that’s the thing I would emphasize — it’s kind of an approximation. We’re interpreting the world according to what sensory systems we have.</p>
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<p>What about our world has always made you curious? Fill out this <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfh0IRau0VqSIimlIDjBdXz9D1547Yir7Ft10FWp0AWJuk8pQ/viewform" data-analytics-viewport="related-story" data-analytics-link="related-story">short Google form</a>, and we might look into your questions for a future episode of <a href="http://vox.com/unexplainable" data-analytics-viewport="related-story" data-analytics-link="related-story"><em>Unexplainable</em></a><em>,</em> our new podcast about the most fascinating unanswered questions in science.</p>
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<h4>Brian Resnick</h4>
<p>I’m thinking about proprioception. I watched someone without Piezo2 receptors try to touch a ball on a table in front of her with her eyes closed. And she couldn’t do it. I asked her, “What does it feel like when your eyes are closed?” And she said, “It’s like I’m lost.”</p>
<p>Then I tried to think what I feel when I close my eyes and can sense the locations of objects around me. And I don’t have a word for it.</p>
<h4>Ardem Patapoutian</h4>
<p>It’s consciousness. That’s what I keep going back to.</p>
<h4>Brian Resnick</h4>
<p>Is that just pure consciousness? It’s just awareness?</p>
<h4>Ardem Patapoutian</h4>
<p>I think I would get into trouble if I called proprioception consciousness. But I actually think, at the most basic level, a physical aspect of consciousness requires proprioception.</p>
<br />
<br />
source <a href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/22710533/nobel-prize-2021-ardem-patapoutian-touch">https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/22710533/nobel-prize-2021-ardem-patapoutian-touch</a>

vox Our amazing sense of touch, explained by a Nobel laureate

Before 2010, scientists knew very little about how the sensation of touch begins its journey into a person’s consciousness. They knew that n...

The mystery of the “same sky” postcards

<p>James Brouwer has been collecting postcards for more than 30 years. His collection numbers over 11,000; images of old-age homes, ugly restaurants, onlookers, and 1960s advertising are neatly organized in boxes in his Canadian home.</p>
<p>But James started to notice that some of his postcards — dozens, in fact — appeared to have the exact same sky. Looking even closer, he noticed that the same-sky postcards were all made by one publisher: Dexter Press out of West Nyack, New York.</p>
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<li data-ui="thumb" data-asset="22903789" data-slug="onlookers-with-red-coats-in-brouwers-collection" data-index="0"><a href="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22903789/ambleside_lake_district_england_11611132053_o.jpg" role="button"><img alt="Onlookers with red coats in Brouwer’s collection." src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/zNdr4WVjU-JsKHPgbMV56iqu3Bw=/250x250/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22903789/ambleside_lake_district_england_11611132053_o.jpg" /></a> <span class="c-image-gallery__thumb-title">Onlookers with red coats in Brouwer’s collection.</span> <span class="c-image-gallery__thumb-desc">James Brouwer/Flickr</span></li>
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<p>Dexter Press was once one of the largest publishers of “chrome-era postcards” — postcards made from color photographs became popular in the 1940s. By the time James started collecting in the 1980s, “chrome cards” were mostly overlooked by collectors, and could be bought cheaply in flea markets. It wasn’t until he looked through a lot of these cards that he noticed the same sky repeating itself.</p>
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<p>You can explore <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/94207108@N02/albums/with/72157633138912882">Brouwer’s full postcard collection</a> online.</p>
<p>Darkroom is a history and photography series that anchors each episode around a single image. Analyzing what the photo shows (or doesn’t show) provides context that helps unravel a wider story. Watch previous episodes <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJ8cMiYb3G5ce8J4P5j5qOEtYR94Z3DQs">here</a>.</p>
<p>You can find this video and all of <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLXo7UDZvByw2ixzpQCufnA">Vox’s videos on YouTube</a>.</p>
<br />
<br />
source <a href="https://www.vox.com/videos/22711680/same-sky-vintage-postcard-dexter-press">https://www.vox.com/videos/22711680/same-sky-vintage-postcard-dexter-press</a>

vox The mystery of the “same sky” postcards

James Brouwer has been collecting postcards for more than 30 years. His collection numbers over 11,000; images of old-age homes, ugly restau...