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NHS Doctor sends legal letter to Chief Exec of NHS England laying out unlawful actions by NHS Executives, UK Government, SAGE, and the MHRA

<p><strong>Solicitors have sent a letter addressed to the Chief Executive Officer of NHS England Sir Simon Stevens, on behalf of a whistleblowing NHS doctor laying out accusations of unlawful actions by NHS executives, the UK Government, Sage, the MHRA and other authorities.</strong></p>
<p>The letter was also sent to Cressida Dick the Metropolitan Police chief, Charlie Massey the Chief Executive of the General Medical Council, Kathryn Stone OBE the Commissioner for Parliamentary Standards, and Lindsay Hoyle, Speaker of the House of Commons.  </p>
<p>Philip Hyland Solicitors who specialise in employment law, constructed the letter on behalf of Dr Sam White who was suspended by NHS England on the 26<sup>th</sup> June 2021 for publicly questioning the authorities Covid-19 protocols.</p>
<p>The reasons given for Dr Sam White’s suspension have allegedly been inconsistent, with the letter revealing her was told one thing verbally and another in writing. The reasons given to Dr Sam White in writing state that he was suspended on the basis of his social media output which blew the lid off everything the complying general public thought they knew about the past sixteen months.</p>
<p>Dr Sam White said in a social media video that gained over a million views that “the vaccine programme has been rolled out in breach of the legal requirements for clinicians to obtain the free and informed consent of those being vaccinated,” and “the requirement to wear face coverings in an NHS setting is in breach of common law obligations not to cause harm and breaches statutory obligations in relation to provision of PPE”.</p>
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<figcaption><em>Dr Sam White</em></figcaption>
</figure>
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<p>The solicitors asked Sir Simon Stevens to treat the letter as “a public interest disclosure or whistle blow in that it raises allegations of alleged criminal conduct and breach of legal obligations by those leading the covid response” and is extremely condemning of the authorities which have imposed draconian restrictions and unnecessary medical treatments on the British people for the past sixteen months.</p>
<p>Public Hyland Solicitors described the inconsistencies of Dr Sam White’s suspension as follows –</p>
<p>“My client raised concerns during his NHS five year revalidation appraisal process with the NHS in November 2020. All of these concerns were raised during the revalidation appraisal process and overlap with what is in my client’s social media content. The NHS took no action on either the substance of the concerns raised in my client’s appraisal nor did the NHS take any action against my client for raising those concerns during his appraisal. My client’s appraisal was signed off by the NHS Responsible Person. The same Responsible Person who later suspended my client. The NHS appear to have acted in the way they did because my client pointed out that there are a number of elephants in the room.”</p>
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<p>The accusations made within the letter to Sir Simon Stevens are damning and consist of the following –</p>
<ul>
<li>The MHRA has failed to ensure the vaccine advertising programme meets common law obligations as well as statutory obligations.</li>
<li>The MHRA in granting emergency use authorisation for the Covid vaccine failed in their obligation to consider whether there are safe and effective medicines available as an alternative to vaccination.</li>
<li> The MHRA is failing in its obligations in failing either to instruct a bio-distribution study is conducted on those who have been vaccinated or in failing to publish the findings of such a bio-distribution study.</li>
<li>Clinicians practising within the NHS are obliged to do two things when administering a vaccine: 1. To do no harm. 2. To obtain the free and informed consent of those being vaccinated. The NHS and the Government have done neither and breach of these principles on free and informed consent is professional gross misconduct at an individual level.</li>
<li>At an organisational level if the NHS does not have clear evidence that every person being vaccinated has given free and informed consent it will render those holding executive office within the NHS as legally liable for those institutional failings.</li>
<li>Those presenting the information have not publicly declared at the press conferences their financial links to the vaccine industry.</li>
<li>Many of those presenting the information to the public are associated with or employed directly or indirectly by organisations who have been financially funded by the Gates Foundation.</li>
<li>The MHRA, the UK regulatory body approving the vaccines, has itself been funded by the Gates Foundation.</li>
<li>Moderna’s share price has risen from $10 to over $200 5 in the space of eighteen months. Bill Gates and his charitable foundation are significant investors in Moderna6 , one of the companies supplying a vaccine. It should also be noted that Bill Gates has a known association with Geoffrey Epstein.</li>
<li>Matt Hancock did not declare to the public that he had a girlfriend and he did not declare that that girlfriend had financial links through her business with PPE and other contracts over which he had responsibility.</li>
<li>The public have been informed via press conferences that there was only one medical route out of the pandemic and that was via vaccination. That route is not the only available route. Quicker, cheaper and less risky routes are also available as an alternative to those who have no need or desire to be vaccinated and these routes have been known about for many months.</li>
<li>The Government and the NHS has supplied information to the public on the number of infections. That information does not differentiate between individuals testing positive without a Doctor or nurse diagnosing that individual and confirming that they are infected and or are ill with covid, and those individuals testing positive where a Doctor or nurse has diagnosed infection in that individual and has diagnosed that they are ill with covid.</li>
<li>A letter from an MP states that the tests used can test for any Winter virus. It is probable therefore that the data presented by the government as infections with coronavirus also includes individuals who have tested positive but the test has failed to distinguish what sort of virus is present and whether that virus is old or recent.</li>
<li>The cycle threshold at which the PCR test has been set is too high to give reliable data on infection.</li>
<li>The press conferences have heightened the public’s sense of the material risk as the information presented exaggerated the numbers in a material way.</li>
<li>There has been no publicity at all at the press conferences that covid is not a High Consequence Infectious Disease.</li>
<li>The numbers of hospitalisations of people with covid has been presented to the public at the press conference and then disseminated via news broadcasts. That information has not differentiated between those presenting in hospital with covid illness. those presenting in hospital with another condition who have subsequently tested positive for coronavirus, or whether those hospitalised with coronavirus have caught the infection in hospital.</li>
<li>The information presented to the public has also not set out the numbers of people who have recovered from covid.</li>
<li>The information has been presented in such a way to make the public think that the material risks are greater than they are. This has either been intentional or grossly negligent.</li>
<li>The public are unable to give proper informed consent to vaccination if the material risks have been exaggerated or distorted.</li>
<li>The information presented to the public does not differentiate between those dying from Covid, those dying from another condition but who have tested positive within 28 days of death, or those dying from another condition but who have tested positive after death.</li>
<li>The public is unable to determine what their material risk is of dying from covid as the numbers of deaths from covid have been exaggerated and are unreliable.</li>
<li><strong>The data about risk of dying has also been confused by the fact that <a href="https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/06/13/stay-at-home-protect-the-nhs-give-midazolam-to-the-elderly-and-tell-you-they-are-covid-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>Do Not Resuscitate Notices have been used unilaterally without consent and the widespread use of Midazolam during the pandemic in care home settings</span></a>.</strong></li>
<li>The information that has been presented shows that the distribution of risk is uneven. Those under 75 who are healthy are unlikely to die from covid. The risk is asymmetrical. The vaccination roll out has been symmetrical.</li>
<li>The Prime Minister of the country in January 2021 described the vaccination roll out as an immunisation programme. That communication gave the public the impression that vaccines would provide immunity. The vaccine trials have been set up have as their trial design and trial protocol to reduce symptoms. The Prime Minister was at best sloppy with his language as the vaccine trial protocols was to test for efficacy of symptom reduction. It should also be noted that the vaccine protocols also refer to the use of PCR tests in the clinical trials, despite those tests’ known unreliability. None of the vaccines provide immunity. None of the vaccines stop transmission.</li>
<li>Initially the government said that only those identified as vulnerable should be vaccinated. That then changed. Mr Gates met with the PM before the change in policy, this meeting with Mr Gates was to discuss a global vaccine strategy. Initially the government said that children would not be vaccinated. That then changed. Initially government said restrictions would be released when 15 million people had been vaccinated, that then changed. Initially government said it had no plans for vaccination passports, that then changed.</li>
<li>The NHS has provided the Patient Information Leaflet to some patients who are being vaccinated. That Patient Information Leaflet does not present the material risks and the material benefits of the vaccination in an adequate way.</li>
<li>The Patient Information Leaflet does not make clear that the vaccines are still in clinical trial.</li>
<li>The Patient Information Leaflet does not make any reference to alternatives to vaccination.</li>
<li>The Patient Information Leaflet does not make clear that the mRNA vaccines are experimental in that these vaccines have never been used before and there is no data on medium term to long term safety. mRNA vaccines are described by the FDA as gene therapy.</li>
<li>The Patient Information Leaflet does not make clear that the clinical trials being run to show the safety and efficacy of the vaccine did not include particular cohorts of people including pregnant women and the very elderly. There is therefore no evidence available to show that they are safe and efficacious for those cohorts.</li>
<li>The Patient Information Leaflet does not make clear that the clinical trials are only using people who have not been infected with covid. There is therefore no data on safety and efficacy for vaccination of those who have been infected. Many people who have been infected with coronavirus are also being vaccinated.</li>
<li>. The Patient Information Leaflet does not set out the difference between the absolute risk and the relative risk from coronavirus infection.</li>
<li>By being vaccinated each individual is reducing their absolute risk of being infected and dying from covid by 1%.</li>
<li>The NHS allowed its logo on a series of adverts using celebrities to promote vaccination. It is also alleged that a number of celebrities have been paid to promote the vaccine via their social media.</li>
<li>None of the vaccines have received marketing authorisation from the MHRA. So there is a question mark as to whether an emergency use authorised vaccination should be advertised at all as there is very limited number of vaccines to choose from. Advertising of licensed medicines is strictly regulated. The Human Medicines Regulations 201227 make it a criminal offence for licensed medicines to be advertised by celebrities and any advert should notify the viewer what the active ingredient is in the vaccine if there is only one active ingredient. These adverts breach the law.</li>
<li>The NHS has taken no steps to distance itself from HM Government’s attempt to fetter every UK citizen’s right to decline any medical intervention.</li>
<li>The advertising campaign has placed pressure on people to have a vaccination. In the advertisement it is suggested that vaccination protects other members of a family including the elderly. However free and informed consent means that no one should be under any pressure from any family member to have a vaccination or indeed any medical treatment. The NHS website even states that in its section on informed consent.</li>
<li>The vaccination adverts give the impression that the vaccines have been licensed rather than the true position which is that they have been emergency use authorised which is a lower regulatory threshold than licensing.</li>
<li>The advertisements infer that the vaccines are safe. Safety is about risks. The adverts make no reference to the risk, however small, of serious adverse events.</li>
</ul>
<p>The letter makes several other extremely serious accusations which you can read in full <a href="https://www.covid19assembly.org/speak-out/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>here</span></a>.</p>
<p>Philip Hyland Solicitors also claim in the conclusion of the letter that they have a backlog of NHS whistle blowers to advise with exampled of pressure being placed on employees within care and NHS settings during the alleged Covid pandemic, including exaggerations of Covid bed occupancy and hospitalisation.</p>
<p>Dr Sam White and his solicitors are now eagerly awaiting a response from Sir Simon Stevens, Chief Executive Officer of NHS England, the MHRA, Cressida Dick, Sir Lindsay Hoyle and all other recipients of the explosive letter. The question is, will they get one?</p>
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source <a href="https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/07/02/nhs-doctor-sends-legal-letter-to-chief-exec-of-nhs-england-laying-out-unlawful-actions-by-nhs-executives-uk-government-sage-and-the-mhra/">https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/07/02/nhs-doctor-sends-legal-letter-to-chief-exec-of-nhs-england-laying-out-unlawful-actions-by-nhs-executives-uk-government-sage-and-the-mhra/</a>

revolution NHS Doctor sends legal letter to Chief Exec of NHS England laying out unlawful actions by NHS Executives, UK Government, SAGE, and the MHRA

Solicitors have sent a letter addressed to the Chief Executive Officer of NHS England Sir Simon Stevens, on behalf of a whistleblowing NHS d...

ONS finally admits the Covid Vaccines have caused multiple deaths; contradicting claims made by the MHRA

<p><strong>The Office for National Statistics has finally listed the Covid-19 vaccine as an official cause of death of multiple people in England, contradicting claims made the MHRA that no link has been made between and vaccination and fatality reported to the Yellow Card scheme.</strong></p>
<p>The ONS release a monthly mortality analysis which contains several different datasets of deaths in England and Wales by age, sex, cause of death, and five year average comparisons. The latest edition which can be downloaded <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/datasets/monthlymortalityanalysisenglandandwales" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>here</span></a>, covers the month of May 2021 and within it is a dataset showing the number of deaths with ICD-10 codes related to Covid-19 which have been mentioned on the death certificate between March 2020 and May 2021.</p>
<p>The dataset can be found in table 12 of the ONS document and shows that the Covid-19 vaccines have now been listed as an official cause of death three times in England due to adverse reactions.</p>
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<p>This does not mean that only three people have died due to the experimental Covid vaccines, it just means that three doctors have been brave enough to finally list the Covid vaccines as a cause of death on the death certificate.</p>
<p>We imagine many doctors are hesitant to do this considering the treatment they are subjected to if they do not tow the line in regards to the official narrative on Covid-19. We only have to look at the brave Doctor Sam White who was <a href="https://www.covid19assembly.org/2021/07/whistleblowing-gps-letter-to-sir-simon-stevens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>suspended by NHS England</span></a> on the 26<sup>th</sup> June 2021 for questioning Covid-19 protocols.</p>
<p>But the ONS data does offer a glimmer of hope in exposing how dangerous the emergency approved vaccines really are as it contradicts what the UK Medicine Regulator, the MHRA have been officially telling the British public.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-vaccine-adverse-reactions/coronavirus-vaccine-summary-of-yellow-card-reporting#annex-1-vaccine-analysis-print" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>MHRA stated as recently as the 1<sup>st</sup> July 2021</span></a> the following –</p>
<p><em>The MHRA has received 439 UK reports of suspected ADRs to the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in which the patient died shortly after vaccination, 936 reports for the COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca, five for the COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna and 23 where the brand of vaccine was unspecified. The majority of these reports were in elderly people or people with underlying illness. Usage of the vaccines has increased rapidly and as such, so has reporting of fatal events with a temporal association with vaccination however, this does not indicate a link between vaccination and the fatalities reported. Review of individual reports and patterns of reporting does not suggest the vaccines played a role in the deaths.</em></p>
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<p>The total number of deaths reported to the MHRA Yellow Card scheme as adverse reactions to the Covid jabs now stands at 1,403, yet the MHRA are adamant the Covid jabs are not to blame.</p>
<p>We’re afraid the ONS data now shows the MHRA are lying to the British people.</p>
<p>Many people are not aware of the existence of the <a href="https://yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>MHRA Yellow Card scheme</span></a>, which is precisely why the MHRA states only 1% – 10% of adverse reactions are actually reported. But the scheme exists and it enables people to report any adverse reactions they have had, or they know people to have had, to the Covid-19 vaccines.</p>
<p>As per the 22<sup>nd</sup> release of Yellow Card statistics by the UK Government / MHRA there have been a total of <a href="https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/07/01/shocking-number-of-adverse-reactions-to-covid-vaccines-surpasses-one-million-according-to-uk-gov-s-22nd-update/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>1,007,253 adverse reactions</span></a> reported to the scheme which include ailments such as blindness, deafness, seizure, paralysis, stroke, cardiac arrest, heart attack and sudden death, among many others.</p>
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<p>National Records of Scotland (NRS), the equivalent of the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in England had already listed the Covid-19 vaccine as the official cause of death three times back in May 2021, revealing the deaths had occurred before the 30th April 2021. The official statistic can be viewed on table 12 of the downloadable excel document via the NRS website <a href="https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/covid19stats" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p>
<p>Public Health Scotland have also been much more transparent than authorities in England and <a href="https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/03/30/f-o-i-request-shows-2207-died-within-28-days-of-having-the-covid-vaccine-in-scotland-during-february/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>revealed in an F.O.I request made in February</span></a> how many people had died within 28 days of having the Covid-19 vaccine.</p>
<p>Public Health Scotland confirmed –</p>
<p>“Using the latest mortality data available (Up to 26th February), 2,207 people have died within 28 days of vaccination (number of days between vaccine and death is 0-27 where 0 is the day of vaccination).”</p>
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<p>Since then Public Health Scotland have released another report, which can be viewed <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://beta.isdscotland.org/media/9180/21-06-09-covid19-publication_report.pdf" target="_blank">here</a> (see page 8) showing that ‘between 8 December 2020 and 28 May 2021, a total of <a href="https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/06/12/official-data-shows-more-people-have-died-because-of-the-covid-vaccines-in-6-months-than-people-who-have-died-of-covid-19-in-15-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>3,752 people died within 28 days of receiving a Covid-19 vaccine</span></a> in Scotland”</p>
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<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img alt="" class="wp-image-9724" data-attachment-id="9724" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="image-19" data-large-file="https://i2.wp.com/dailyexpose.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-19.png?fit=602%2C73&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i2.wp.com/dailyexpose.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-19.png?fit=300%2C36&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i2.wp.com/dailyexpose.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-19.png?fit=602%2C73&ssl=1" data-orig-size="602,73" data-permalink="https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/07/02/ons-finally-admits-the-covid-vaccines-have-caused-multiple-deaths-contradicting-claims-made-by-the-mhra/image-19-8/" data-recalc-dims="1" height="73" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px" src="https://i2.wp.com/dailyexpose.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-19.png?resize=602%2C73&ssl=1" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/dailyexpose.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-19.png?w=602&ssl=1 602w, https://i2.wp.com/dailyexpose.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-19.png?resize=300%2C36&ssl=1 300w, https://i2.wp.com/dailyexpose.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/image-19.png?resize=600%2C73&ssl=1 600w" width="602" /></figure>
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<p>It’s quite clear to see that the MHRA are lying to the British people, and maybe it has something to do with the fact they are the ones who decided to give the experimental Covid jabs, which are still in phase three trials until 2023, emergency use authorisation.</p>
<p>Maybe it also has something to do with the fact the MHRA have now deemed the Pfizer jab, an experimental gene therapy, safe for use in children between the ages of 12 -15, despite the fact 86% of children suffered an adverse reaction ranging from mild to serious in the small and short clinical trial.  </p>
<p>Maybe it also has something to do with the fact they are funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation?</p>
<p>It’s time to hold the MHRA to account for their actions and lies. <strong>Please share this information everywhere.</strong></p>
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source <a href="https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/07/02/ons-finally-admits-the-covid-vaccines-have-caused-multiple-deaths-contradicting-claims-made-by-the-mhra/">https://dailyexpose.co.uk/2021/07/02/ons-finally-admits-the-covid-vaccines-have-caused-multiple-deaths-contradicting-claims-made-by-the-mhra/</a>

revolution ONS finally admits the Covid Vaccines have caused multiple deaths; contradicting claims made by the MHRA

The Office for National Statistics has finally listed the Covid-19 vaccine as an official cause of death of multiple people in England, cont...

How sperm got all the credit in the fertilization story

<div><img class="ff-og-image-inserted" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/3URRA1-wXRLrBATNRyn2P47fuQw=/0x26:1920x1031/fit-in/1200x630/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22696031/VDC_XEC_020_the_fertilization_fairytale_cleanThumb.jpg" /></div>
<p>The fertilization story most of us know is skewed. In the textbooks we read in middle school and high school, it’s presented as a sort of fairytale: The strong sperm go on a journey where they have to defeat and overcome obstacles to reach the egg. Meanwhile, the egg just sits around waiting to be fertilized.</p>
<p>The story inherently carries a lot of gender bias, and what’s worse is that it’s not entirely true. The sperm can’t make the journey on its own, and the real story of fertilization involves two reproductive systems working together. While sperm have tails that seem like they’re meant for swimming, they can’t propel themselves all the way to the egg — they need the female reproductive tract to help move them forward. And the egg doesn’t just wait around for the sperm to reach it; it has an active role in selecting which sperm will be the best one to fertilize it.</p>
<p>So why has the fertilization story been skewed in this gender-biased way? We dig into a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/redirect?event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbG5YcHY4ZUVDR3NySWE4aG9VNlpnWTBYOGNKQXxBQ3Jtc0tsRW5oc2lpMW1FUFVWV2pqWVYtVFp1Tno2VnVlZXFXQ1JySEhIemxCNzFrNHVyVzNFOUNXLXRrVnViU2l4M1RMNmpRTEpTazV2WENtSklZV29IeFRrR1E2RjVLLTlxeTZfNXc1dzZ2VHM0cTltWUMtUQ&q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F257682406_Revisiting_The_fertilization_fairytale_an_analysis_of_gendered_language_used_to_describe_fertilization_in_science_textbooks_from_middle_school_to_medical_school">study of textbooks</a> from middle school to medical school to find out.</p>
<p>You can find this video and all of <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLXo7UDZvByw2ixzpQCufnA">Vox’s videos on YouTube</a>.</p>
<br />
<br />
source <a href="https://www.vox.com/videos/22560903/sperm-babies-egg-fertilized-sex-ed">https://www.vox.com/videos/22560903/sperm-babies-egg-fertilized-sex-ed</a>

vox How sperm got all the credit in the fertilization story

The fertilization story most of us know is skewed. In the textbooks we read in middle school and high school, it’s presented as a sort of f...

It’s incredibly hard to get a rape conviction. Bill Cosby’s release makes it feel pointless.

<p>Is rape a crime?</p>
<p>That’s the question at the center of Michelle Bowdler’s provocative <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com/?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbookshop.org%2Fbooks%2Fis-rape-a-crime-a-memoir-an-investigation-and-a-manifesto%2F9781250255631&referrer=vox.com&sref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fculture%2F22559561%2Fbill-cosby-vacated-sentence-is-rape-a-crime-michelle-bowdler-interview" rel="sponsored nofollow noopener" target="_blank" has-subtag="true" data-cdata='{"rewritten_url":"https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588\u0026xs=1\u0026url=https://bookshop.org/books/is-rape-a-crime-a-memoir-an-investigation-and-a-manifesto/9781250255631\u0026referrer=vox.com\u0026sref=https://www.vox.com/culture/22559561/bill-cosby-vacated-sentence-is-rape-a-crime-michelle-bowdler-interview\u0026xcust=___vx__p_22323602__m_m-placeholder__s_s-placeholder__t_w__c_c-placeholder__r_r-placeholder__d_d-placeholder","subtag_max_length":50,"subtag_delim_length":3,"subtag_key":"xcust","subtag_data":{"id":"66960X1516588","xs":"1","url":"https://bookshop.org/books/is-rape-a-crime-a-memoir-an-investigation-and-a-manifesto/9781250255631","referrer":"vox.com","sref":"https://www.vox.com/culture/22559561/bill-cosby-vacated-sentence-is-rape-a-crime-michelle-bowdler-interview","xcust":"___vx__p_22323602__m_m-placeholder__s_s-placeholder__t_w__c_c-placeholder__r_r-placeholder__d_d-placeholder"},"encode_subtag":false}'>2020 book</a> with that title — and in light of the news on June 30 that a conviction against Bill Cosby, accused by 60 women of sexual assault and rape, <a href="https://www.vox.com/22557691/bill-cosby-pennsylvania-released-commonwealth-david-wecht-andrea-constand-metoo-sexual-assault">would be vacated on constitutional grounds</a>, Bowdler’s question takes on a new urgency.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.nsvrc.org/resource/criminal-victimization-2018">The National Sexual Violence Resource Center</a> estimates that only a quarter of all rapes committed every year are reported. <a href="https://www.rainn.org/statistics/criminal-justice-system">According to RAINN (Rape Abuse Incest National Network)</a>, of every 1,000 sexual assaults, 310 will be reported to the police, 50 will lead to arrests, 28 to conviction, and 25 to incarceration. Although studies estimate that <a href="https://www.nsvrc.org/resource/false-allegations-sexual-assault-analysis-ten-years-reported-cases">between 2 and 10 percent of rape claims are false reports</a> — roughly the same rate as other crimes — law enforcement officials are disproportionately likely to dismiss rape cases as unfounded.</p>
<p>“Are there other crimes where the first question asked is whether the victim is being truthful,” asks Bowdler in her book, “and where there is no ensuing investigation to determine if that conclusion can be backed up with facts?”</p>
<p>Cosby’s case is an unusual one. He was convicted of sexual assault in 2018 in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, and <a href="https://www.vox.com/2018/9/25/17896250/bill-cosby-andrea-constand-sentence-sexual-assault-prison">sentenced to three to 10 years in state prison</a> for assaulting Andrea Constand more than a decade earlier, in 2004. However, in 2005, Cosby had come to an informal agreement with then-Montgomery County District Attorney Bruce Castor, under which Castor assured Cosby that he would not pursue criminal charges against him. When deposed in a civil case Constand brought against him later that year, Cosby admitted to giving Quaaludes to women he wanted to have sex with. That deposition was later used as evidence against Cosby in his 2018 trial.</p>
<figure class="e-image"><span class="e-image__inner"><span class="e-image__image" data-original="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg"><picture class="c-picture" data-cid="site/picture_element-1625263244_4350_91560" data-cdata='{"asset_id":22695658,"ratio":"*"}'><source srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/7me3glD6OlqBmczTL3hoglIin_k=/0x0:2568x1712/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/mDdnlRz3y7HPgKN8OEF2xAYdbOU=/0x0:2568x1712/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/CH5vHblp_nk8B_Bqy0wYOxSsLhw=/0x0:2568x1712/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/gnH8GRmVnN9W8jjWReX8u1s9EQA=/0x0:2568x1712/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/iiVniTZ-n4hLh30sabDzOGlGffU=/0x0:2568x1712/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/noJEkQeWVtqZwtm6B3g0h7iOgyA=/0x0:2568x1712/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/h6zXmwHY8nNt0skBzdVGic2sgUg=/0x0:2568x1712/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/pSMY2ekSJzDureMM15yJsNjhA70=/0x0:2568x1712/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ozMrGqFmJHrJZD6qmbO8NT4iK6Y=/0x0:2568x1712/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):format(webp):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" type="image/webp" /> <img alt="" data-upload-width="2568" sizes="(min-width: 1221px) 846px, (min-width: 880px) calc(100vw - 334px), 100vw" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/CIyNi6hTKXppiyccvxBciuM_lvg=/0x0:2568x1712/1200x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg" srcset="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/AbU1ExmS24ZqgONLiFZVlBy0DL4=/0x0:2568x1712/320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/NlUg_eEPTzogEGffifj4Pr6nOPk=/0x0:2568x1712/520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/V9UqXBODQ9CIzdfiJ_vCTrFVVQY=/0x0:2568x1712/720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/yLX4_5afnNAX3jSsLa1bA6Xu1Dc=/0x0:2568x1712/920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/uLFfpHtCEh-gMdewEnie6MfUGkg=/0x0:2568x1712/1120x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 1120w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/6bWDtY9RyOhpUUKfHw0fyJqcZ7E=/0x0:2568x1712/1320x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 1320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/_pWTfXzQvmmoDlzm7yxH4rfHjv0=/0x0:2568x1712/1520x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 1520w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/YyXSN0AAS4Jwng9_5Q86ftxLIME=/0x0:2568x1712/1720x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 1720w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/cNwNQ_D9T1mUARxG8VvJNS82pao=/0x0:2568x1712/1920x0/filters:focal(0x0:2568x1712):no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22695658/GettyImages_1326349998_copy.jpg 1920w" /></picture></span></span>
<figcaption><span class="e-image__meta">Bill Cosby with his team (from left) attorney Jennifer Bonjean, spokesperson Andrew Wyatt, and others outside of Cosby’s home in Cheltenham, Pennsylvania, on June 30.</span></figcaption>
<span class="e-image__meta"><cite>Michael Abbott/Getty Images</cite></span></figure>
<p>Cosby most likely would not have made such an admission of guilt in his deposition if he had believed criminal charges would ever be brought against him, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court concluded. That logic formed the basis of its June 30 ruling that Cosby’s case would be vacated, and Cosby himself would be released from prison.</p>
<p>There’s a legal argument to be made that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court made the right call in a messy case, <a href="https://www.vox.com/22557691/bill-cosby-pennsylvania-released-commonwealth-david-wecht-andrea-constand-metoo-sexual-assault">as Vox’s Ian Millhiser explains here</a>. But within the context of a larger conversation about how painfully difficult it is to get a rape conviction, the vacation of a conviction as high-profile as Cosby’s is striking.</p>
<p><em>Is Rape a Crime?</em> is one of the best summaries of that conversation I know of. Part memoir, part manifesto, it tells the story of how Bowdler navigated the aftermath of her own rape in 1984, when two strangers broke into her house and robbed and assaulted her at knifepoint. Bowdler reported her rape to the police immediately and submitted to a lengthy and traumatizing sexual assault evidence kit, but her attackers were never caught. It would be 20 years before she learned that the police never actually investigated her rape, apparently because the detective in charge of the case didn’t care for the department’s new bureaucratic policies on sexual assault cases and was throwing his weight around.</p>
<p>“My ability to learn about a life-altering trauma depended on what this person had done with my case,” Bowdler writes, “and, it seemed, he had done nothing.”</p>
<p>As <em>Is Rape a Crime?</em> makes clear, cases like Bowdler’s have happened all over the country: shocking acts of violence that the police would never investigate, or that prosecutors would decline to take to court, or that juries would dismiss out of hand; acts of violence that the apparatus of our law enforcement system would refuse, over and over again, to treat as crimes. That’s the context in which Cosby’s vacated conviction exists.</p>
<p>To make sense of it, I called up Bowdler, who is now executive director of health and wellness at Tufts University, and asked her to put it all into words for me. On the day after Cosby’s vacation was announced, we talked about how the justice system fails rape survivors, and what it would mean to truly treat rape as a crime. Our conversation, lightly edited for length and clarity, is below.</p>
<p><strong>What does it mean to ask the question, “Is rape a crime?”</strong></p>
<p>It actually was a question that was asked of me by a survivor. Initially, it shocked me.</p>
<p>She came to that question, and I came to that question, after doing advocacy work, trying to make changes with the criminal justice system, and feeling like we were not making the kind of progress that we would have expected given a lot of the conditions that existed. After yesterday, it felt even more relevant.</p>
<p>The question is actually meant to ask, “What does it take for survivors to feel like they can get any form of justice, or even acknowledgment of the devastation of this experience in our society?”</p>
<p>It is the least successfully prosecuted major felony. It’s the least reported. Out of the reported crimes, very, very few even go to prosecution and conviction. And while I have my own significant criticism of our current criminal justice system, it doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t at least look at why this felony crime is treated differently than all others.</p>
<p><strong>I think some people would look at the case of what’s happening with Bill Cosby and say, “Okay, but his sentence isn’t getting vacated because law enforcement didn’t take his crime seriously. It’s because the prosecutorial team messed up.” How do you respond to that idea?</strong></p>
<p>The prosecutorial team is part of the criminal justice system. Think about what it takes to get a conviction. Think of that <a href="https://www.thecut.com/2015/07/bill-cosbys-accusers-speak-out.html">New York magazine cover</a> with 35 women, just sitting, who had accused him of the very same behavior. For a lot of different reasons, some came forward, and some didn’t feel comfortable prosecuting him. Which is understandable: He was rich and famous. Yet when they all came together, the pattern was created.</p>
<p>To have it vacated in that way, <a href="https://twitter.com/BillCosby/status/1410359498162769926">where he was reporting that he was vindicated</a>, and he doesn’t have to register as a sex offender — it’s like none of what’s happened over the last several years has happened.</p>
<p>People were devastated. It just feels like more of the same. What does it take for people to be held accountable?</p>
<p><strong>In 2017 and 2018, as the Me Too movement was really taking off, I think a lot of people hoped that something had fundamentally shifted in our culture, and that we were really starting to treat rape and sexual assault as serious crimes. Do you think that change really arrived?</strong></p>
<p>Right after Harvey Weinstein, when people were losing their jobs who had been accused, it felt like a difference was starting. In fact, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/12/11/21003592/me-too-movement-sexual-assault-crimes-reporting">there was a blip in the data</a> for 2017: The reporting of cases seemed to go from about a quarter to 40 percent. People wondered if that was going to be a trend. Now it’s back down to a quarter again.</p>
<p><a href="https://nypost.com/2021/06/01/chris-matthews-takes-ownership-of-behavior-in-msnbc-return/">Chris Matthews is back on TV</a>. <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2021/06/11/jeffrey-toobin-cnn-problematic-apology-after-zoom-debacle/7654174002/">Jeffrey Toobin is back on TV</a>. <a href="https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/04/charlie-rose-tv-series-me-too-scandal-matt-lauer-louis-ck-tina-brown">Charlie Rose might be making a comeback</a>. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2020/03/11/louis-ck-new-standup/">Louis C.K. is sort of making a comeback</a>.</p>
<p>It’s like, “I’ll say I’m sorry. I’ll say that I’m going to do some sort of treatment, and then I’ll come back.” It doesn’t really work that way, and the impact on victims and survivors doesn’t work that way either.</p>
<p>I do think people are talking about it and writing about it more. There is a lot more expression of outrage, and an awareness of how and why we need to make change. And that is appreciated.</p>
<p>But I think that we are going to have to do a lot more for the changes to stick: Overhaul our criminal justice system. Have more people in politics who look more like the rest of society. Have basic values of fairness and equity be expectable and not a surprise when they happen.</p>
<p><strong>What would it look like to actually treat rape as a crime?</strong></p>
<p>It’s about the response. Right now, somebody goes to law enforcement, and they’re not believed. It’s: “Are you sure about that? You’re a little fuzzy on details.” They’re trying to convince people not to go forward, because law enforcement is all about “what’s my win rate, what’s my case solve rate,” and rape cases are notoriously difficult.</p>
<p>So to begin with, to have the people who are hearing people’s stories treat it like any other report of a devastating event. Not wondering if it’s true as the first thing, but to just listen, care about it, and investigate it.</p>
<p>There were hundreds of thousands of rape kits in cities and towns all across the country that were never investigated. It was called a backlog, as though people intended to get to them but then they ran out of money. But in fact, many of these cases were closed without investigation.</p>
<p>This is a crime of violence. More than 50 percent of the people it’s done to think it will end with their death. It’s not he-said/she-said, yet people treat it as if it’s as likely that somebody’s lying as that they’re telling the truth.</p>
<p>We’re not going to get people reporting, and we’re not going to get people taken seriously, if we keep going on like this. But there’s healing that occurs when people just listen. If they believe you and say they’re sorry that it happened and they’ll try to investigate.</p>
<p>It’s really hard to go through a criminal case. So what if there was an alternative? What if we did more on restorative justice? What if we did more to shore up people who’ve experienced such a devastating crime, and had ways to have them feel like they could move forward in our world and function, as opposed to thinking about guilt and innocence and winning cases?</p>
<p>The whole model that we have is flawed. Our criminal justice system is not the model that I would look at to help rape victims feel taken seriously. But if we are going to, we have to have people trained in trauma response. We have to have a way for survivors to feel acknowledged and validated, and not treated like liars and as if they’re wasting people’s time. Which is too often the case.</p>
<br />
<br />
source <a href="https://www.vox.com/culture/22559561/bill-cosby-vacated-sentence-is-rape-a-crime-michelle-bowdler-interview">https://www.vox.com/culture/22559561/bill-cosby-vacated-sentence-is-rape-a-crime-michelle-bowdler-interview</a>

vox It’s incredibly hard to get a rape conviction. Bill Cosby’s release makes it feel pointless.

Is rape a crime? That’s the question at the center of Michelle Bowdler’s provocative 2020 book with that title — and in light of the news ...

Robots were supposed to take our jobs. Instead, they’re making them worse.

<div><img class="ff-og-image-inserted" src="https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/K1TuvOy3-q5ke7Se-Yf59Nx-FLQ=/0x521:5568x3436/fit-in/1200x630/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/22693759/972039208.jpg" /></div>
<p>The robot revolution is always allegedly just around the corner. In the utopian vision, technology emancipates human labor from repetitive, mundane tasks, freeing us to be more productive and take on more fulfilling work. In the dystopian vision, robots come for everyone’s jobs, put millions and millions of people out of work, and throw the economy into chaos.</p>
<p>Such a warning was <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/10/technology/his-2020-campaign-message-the-robots-are-coming.html">at the crux</a> of Andrew Yang’s ill-fated presidential campaign, helping propel his case for universal basic income that he argued would become necessary when automation left so many workers out. It’s the argument many <a href="https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/former-mcdonalds-ceo-15-minimum-wage-automation">corporate executives make</a> whenever there’s a suggestion they might have to raise wages: $15 an hour will just mean machines taking your order at McDonald’s instead of people, they say. It’s an effective scare tactic for some workers.</p>
<p>But we often spend so much time talking about the potential for robots to take our jobs that we fail to look at how they are already changing them — sometimes for the better, but sometimes not. New technologies can give corporations tools for monitoring, managing, and motivating their workforces, sometimes in ways that are harmful. The technology itself might not be innately nefarious, but it makes it easier for companies to maintain tight control on workers and squeeze and exploit them to maximize profits.</p>
<p>“The basic incentives of the system have always been there: employers wanting to maximize the value they get out of their workers while minimizing the cost of labor, the incentive to want to control and monitor and surveil their workers,” said Brian Chen, staff attorney at the National Employment Law Project (NELP). “And if technology allows them to do that more cheaply or more efficiently, well then of course they’re going to use technology to do that.”</p>
<p>Tracking software for remote workers, <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/2/21195584/coronavirus-remote-work-from-home-employee-monitoring">which saw a bump in sales at the start of the pandemic</a>, can follow every second of a person’s workday in front of the computer. Delivery companies <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2014/04/17/303770907/to-increase-productivity-ups-monitors-drivers-every-move">can use motion sensors to track their drivers’ every move</a>, measure extra seconds, and <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/12/amazon-mentor-app-tracks-and-disciplines-delivery-drivers.html">ding drivers for falling short</a>.</p>
<p>Automation hasn’t replaced all the workers in warehouses, but it <a href="https://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/future-of-warehouse-work/">has made work more intense, even dangerous</a>, and changed how tightly workers are managed. Gig workers can find themselves at the whims of an app’s black-box algorithm that lets workers flood the app to compete with each other at a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/21/nyregion/doordash-ubereats-food-app-delivery-bike.html">frantic pace</a> for <a href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/5/28/18638480/gig-economy-workers-wellbeing-survey">pay so low</a> that how lucrative any given trip or job is can depend on the tip, leaving workers reliant on the generosity of an anonymous stranger. Worse, gig work means they’re doing their jobs without many typical labor protections.</p>
<p>In these circumstances, the robots aren’t taking jobs, they’re making jobs worse. Companies are automating away autonomy and putting profit-maximizing strategies on digital overdrive, turning work into a space with fewer carrots and more sticks.</p>
<p>In recent years, Amazon has become the <a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e449c8c3ef68d752f3e70dc/t/5f4cffea23958d79eae1ab23/1598881772432/Amazon_Report_Final.pdf">corporate poster child</a> for automation in the name of efficiency — often at the expense of workers. There have been <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/12/10/21005098/amazon-warehouse-workers-sacramento">countless</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-amazon-monitors-employees-ai-cameras-union-surveillance-spy-agency-2021-4">reports</a> of unsustainable conditions and expectations at Amazon’s fulfillment centers. Its drivers reportedly <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/24/22347945/amazon-delivery-drivers-ai-surveillance-cameras-vans-consent-form">have to consent</a> to being watched by artificial intelligence, and warehouse workers who don’t move fast enough <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/25/18516004/amazon-warehouse-fulfillment-centers-productivity-firing-terminations">can be fired</a>.</p>
<p>Demands are so high that there have been <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/16/17243026/amazon-warehouse-jobs-worker-conditions-bathroom-breaks">reports of people urinating in bottles</a> to avoid taking a break. The robots aren’t just watching, they’re also picking up some of the work. Sometimes, it’s for the better, but in other cases, they <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/12/11/20982652/robots-amazon-warehouse-jobs-automation">may actually be making work more dangerous</a> as more automation leads to more pressure on workers. <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2019/11/amazon-warehouse-reports-show-worker-injuries/602530/">One report found</a> that worker injuries were more prevalent in Amazon warehouses with robots than warehouses without them.</p>
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<aside><q>Companies are automating away autonomy and putting profit-maximizing strategies on digital overdrive, turning work into a space with fewer carrots and more sticks</q></aside>
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<p>Amazon is hardly the only company that uses automation to keep tabs on workers and push them to do more. In 2020, Josh Dzieza at <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/27/21155254/automation-robots-unemployment-jobs-vs-human-google-amazon">the Verge</a> outlined the various ways artificial intelligence, software, and machines are managing workers at places such as call centers, warehouses, and software development shops. He described one remote engineer in Bangladesh who was monitored by a program that took three pictures of him every 10 minutes to make sure he was at his computer, and a call center worker who learned to say “sorry” a lot to customers in order to meet an artificial intelligence-based empathy monitor. A web of technologies has enabled the management of every minute of the working day.</p>
<p>“It would have been prohibitively expensive to employ enough managers to time each worker’s every move to a fraction of a second or ride along in every truck, but now it takes maybe one,” Dzieza wrote. “This is why the companies that most aggressively pursue these tactics all take on a similar form: a large pool of poorly paid, easily replaced, often part-time or contract workers at the bottom; a small group of highly paid workers who design the software that manages them at the top.”</p>
<p>A <a href="https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/the-future-of-employee-monitoring/">2018 Gartner survey</a> found that half of large companies were already using some type of nontraditional techniques to keep an eye on their workers, including analyzing their communications, gathering biometric data, and examining how workers are using their workspace. They anticipated that by 2020, 80 percent of large companies would be using such methods. Amid the pandemic, the trend <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/2/21195584/coronavirus-remote-work-from-home-employee-monitoring">picked up pace</a> as businesses sought more ways to keep tabs on the new waves of workers working from home.</p>
<p>This has all sorts of implications for workers, who lose privacy and autonomy when they’re constantly being watched and directed by technology. Daron Acemoglu, an economist at MIT, warned that they’re also losing money. “Some of these new digital technologies are not simply replacing workers or creating new tasks or changing other aspects of productivity, but they’re actually monitoring people much more effectively, and that means rents are being shared very differently because of digital technologies,” he said.</p>
<p>He offered up a hypothetical example of a delivery driver who is asked to deliver a certain number of packages in a day. Decades ago, the company might pay the driver more to incentivize them to work a little faster or harder or put in some extra time. But now, they’re constantly being monitored so that the company knows exactly what they’re doing and is looking for ways to save time. Instead of getting a bonus for hitting certain metrics, they’re dinged for spending a few seconds too long here or there.</p>
<p>The problem isn’t technology itself, it’s the managers and corporate structures behind it that look at workers as a cost to be cut instead of as a resource.</p>
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<aside><q>“A lot of this boom of Silicon Valley entrepreneurship where venture capital made it very easy for companies to create firms didn’t exactly prioritize the well-being of workers as one of their main considerations”</q></aside>
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<p>“A lot of this boom of Silicon Valley entrepreneurship where venture capital made it very easy for companies to create firms didn’t exactly prioritize the well-being of workers as one of their main considerations,” said Amy Bix, a historian at Iowa State University who focuses on technology. “A lot of what goes on in the structure of these corporations and the development of technology is invisible to most ordinary people, and it’s easy to take advantage of that.”</p>
<p>Uber’s destiny <a href="https://www.vox.com/2016/8/18/12540686/google-uber-self-driving-cars-consumers">was supposed to be</a> driverless.</p>
<p>In 2016, former CEO Travis Kalanick told <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-08-18/uber-s-first-self-driving-fleet-arrives-in-pittsburgh-this-month-is06r7on">Bloomberg</a> making an autonomous vehicle was “basically existential” for the company. After a deadly accident with an autonomous Uber vehicle in 2018, current chief executive Dara Khosrowshahi reiterated that the company remained “<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/13/ceo-dara-khosrowshahi-uber-is-committed-to-self-driving-cars.html">absolutely committed</a>” to the self-driving cause. But in December 2020 and after investing $1 billion, Uber <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/uber-gives-up-self-driving-dream/">sold off its self-driving unit</a>. A little over four months later, its main competitor, Lyft, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/04/26/business/stock-market-today">followed suit</a>. Uber says it’s <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/08/uber-ceo-were-not-giving-up-on-self-driving-after-selling-off-the-business.html">still not giving up on autonomous technology</a>, but the writing on the wall is clear that driverless cars aren’t core to Uber’s business model, at least in the near future.</p>
<p>“Five or 10 years from now, drivers are still going to be a big piece of the mix on a percentage basis [of Uber’s business], and on an absolute basis, they may be an even bigger piece than they are today even with autonomous in the mix because the business should get bigger as both segments get bigger,” said Chris Frank, director of corporate ratings at S&P Global. “In addition, drivers will need to handle more complex conditions like poorly marked roads or inclement weather.”</p>
<p>In other words, they’re going to need workers to make money — workers they would very much like not to classify as such.</p>
<p>Gig economy companies such as Uber, Lyft, and DoorDash are <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/22425152/future-of-gig-work-uber-lyft-driving-prop-22">fighting tooth and nail</a> to make sure the people they enlist to make deliveries or drive people around are not considered their employees. In California last year, such companies <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/10/09/prop22-uber-doordash/">dumped $200 million</a> into lobbying to <a href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/11/4/21539335/california-proposition-22-results-gig-economy-workers">pass Proposition 22</a>, which lets app-based transportation and delivery companies classify their workers as independent contractors and therefore avoid paying for benefits such as sick leave, employer-provided health care, and unemployment. After it passed, a spokesman for the campaign for the ballot measure <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/04/technology/california-uber-lyft-prop-22.html">said</a> it “represents the future of work in an increasingly technologically-driven economy.”</p>
<p>It’s a future of work that might not be pleasant for gig workers. In California, some workers <a href="https://news.bloombergtax.com/payroll/some-gig-workers-find-wage-benefit-pledges-less-than-advertised">say they’re not getting</a> the benefits companies promised after Prop 22’s passage, such as health care stipends. Companies said that workers would make at least 120 percent of California’s minimum wage, but that’s contemplating the time they spend driving only. Before the ballot initiative was passed, <a href="https://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/the-uber-lyft-ballot-initiative-guarantees-only-5-64-an-hour-2/">research</a> from the UC Berkeley Labor Center estimated that it would guarantee a minimum wage of just $5.64 per hour.</p>
<p>Companies say they’ve been clear with drivers about how to qualify for the health care stipend, which is available to drivers with more than 15 engaged hours a week (in other words, if you don’t have a job and are waiting around, it doesn’t count). In a statement to Vox, Geoff Vetter, a spokesperson for the Protect App-Based Drivers + Services Coalition, the lobbying group that championed Prop 22, said that 80 percent of drivers work fewer than 20 hours per week and most work less than 10 hours per week, and that many have health insurance through other jobs.</p>
<p>Gig companies <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-uber-lyft-drivers-earn-mystery-company-pay-data-2021-6">have sometimes been cagey</a> about how much their workers make, and they’re often changing their formulas. In 2017, Uber agreed to pay the Federal Trade Commission $20 million over charges that it misled prospective drivers about how much they could make with the app. The <a href="https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2017/01/uber-agrees-pay-20-million-settle-ftc-charges-it-recruited">FTC found that Uber claimed</a> some of its drivers made $90,000 in New York and $74,000 in San Francisco, when in reality their median incomes were actually $61,000 and $53,000, respectively. DoorDash <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/24/nyregion/doordash-tip-policy.html">caused controversy</a> over a decision to pocket tips and use them to pay delivery workers, which it has since reversed.</p>
<p>Even though Uber is charging customers more for rides in the wake of the pandemic, that’s not directly being passed onto their drivers. According to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/06/09/uber-lyft-drivers-price-hike/">the Washington Post</a>, Uber changed the way it paid drivers in California soon after Prop 22 passed so that they were no longer paid a proportion of the cost of the ride but instead by time and distance, with different bonuses and incentives based on market and surge pricing. (This is how Uber does it in most states, but it had <a href="https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2020-02-03/uber-ab5-driver-app">changed things up</a> during the push to get Prop 22 passed.) Uber’s CEO pushed back on the Post story in a <a href="https://twitter.com/dkhos/status/1403465553700786177">series of tweets</a>, arguing that decoupling driver pay from customer fares had not hurt California drivers and that some are now getting a higher cut from their rides.</p>
<p>In light of a driver shortage, Uber <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com/?id=66960X1516588&xs=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uber.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fgetting-drivers-back-on-the-road%2F&referrer=vox.com&sref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fthe-goods%2F22557895%2Fautomation-robots-work-amazon-uber-lyft" rel="sponsored nofollow noopener" target="_blank" has-subtag="true" data-cdata='{"rewritten_url":"https://go.redirectingat.com?id=66960X1516588\u0026xs=1\u0026url=https://www.uber.com/newsroom/getting-drivers-back-on-the-road/\u0026referrer=vox.com\u0026sref=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22557895/automation-robots-work-amazon-uber-lyft\u0026xcust=___vx__p_22321936__m_m-placeholder__s_s-placeholder__t_w__c_c-placeholder__r_r-placeholder__d_d-placeholder","subtag_max_length":50,"subtag_delim_length":3,"subtag_key":"xcust","subtag_data":{"id":"66960X1516588","xs":"1","url":"https://www.uber.com/newsroom/getting-drivers-back-on-the-road/","referrer":"vox.com","sref":"https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22557895/automation-robots-work-amazon-uber-lyft","xcust":"___vx__p_22321936__m_m-placeholder__s_s-placeholder__t_w__c_c-placeholder__r_r-placeholder__d_d-placeholder"},"encode_subtag":false}'>recently announced</a> what it’s billing as a $250 million “driver stimulus” that promises higher earnings to try to get drivers back onto the road. The company acknowledges this initiative is likely temporary once the supply-demand imbalance works itself out. Still, it’s hard not to notice how quickly Uber and Lyft have been able to corner most of the ride-hailing app market and exert control over their drivers and customers.</p>
<p>“When a new thing like this comes on, there’s huge new consumer benefits, and then over time they are the market, they have less competition except one another, probably they’re a cartel at this point. And then they start doing stuff that’s much nastier,” said David Autor, an economist at MIT.</p>
<p>One of the gig economy’s main selling points to workers is that it offers flexibility and the ability to work when they want. It’s certainly true that an Uber or Lyft driver has much more autonomy on the job than, say, an Amazon warehouse worker. “People drive with Lyft because they prefer the freedom and flexibility to work when, where, and for however long they want,” a Lyft spokesperson said in a statement to Vox. “They can choose to accept a ride or not, enjoy unlimited upward earning potential, and can decide to take time off from driving whenever they want, for however long they want, without needing to ask a ‘boss’ — all things they can’t do at most traditional jobs.” The spokesperson also noted that <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1k7JrcMOSjP--DRM9q6r2q7aTqWj5hY9e/view">most of its drivers</a> work outside of Lyft.</p>
<p>But flexibility doesn’t mean gig companies have no control over their drivers and delivery people. They use all sorts of tricks and incentives to try to push workers in certain directions and manage them, essentially, by algorithm. Uber drivers <a href="https://hbr.org/2019/08/what-people-hate-about-being-managed-by-algorithms-according-to-a-study-of-uber-drivers">report</a> being bothered by the constant surveillance, the lack of transparency from the company, and the dehumanization of working with the app. The algorithm doesn’t want to know how your day is, it just wants you to work as efficiently as possible to maximize its profits.</p>
<p>Carlos Ramos, a former Lyft driver in San Diego, described the feeling of being manipulated by the app. He noticed the company must have needed morning drivers because of the incentives structures, but he also often wondered if he was being “punished” if he didn’t do something right.</p>
<p>“Sometimes, if you cancel a bunch of rides in a row or if you don’t take certain rides to certain things, you won’t get any rides. They’ve shadow turned you off,” he said. The secret deprioritization of a worker is something <a href="https://www.uberpeople.net/threads/hidden-timeouts-vs-priority-pings.379744/">many Lyft and Uber drivers</a> speculate happens. “You also have no way of knowing what’s going on behind there. They have this proprietary knowledge, they have this black box of trade secrets, and those are your secrets you’re telling them,” said Ramos, now an organizer with Gig Workers Rising.</p>
<p>Companies deny that they secretly shut off drivers. “It is in Lyft’s best interests for drivers to have as positive an experience as possible, so we communicate often and work directly with drivers to help them improve their earnings,” a Lyft spokesperson said. “We never ‘shadow ban’ drivers, and actively coach them when they are in danger of being deactivated.”</p>
<p>We often talk about technology and innovation with a language of inevitability. It’s as though whenever wages go up, companies will of course replace workers with robots. Now that the country is <a href="https://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/delivering-insecurity/">turned on to online delivery</a>, it can be made to seem like the grocery industry is on an unavoidable path to gig work. After all, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/06/vons-albertsons-doordash-prop-22-layoffs/">that’s what happened with Albertsons</a>. But that’s not really the case — there’s plenty of human agency in the technological innovation story.</p>
<p>“Technology of course doesn’t have to exploit workers, it doesn’t have to mean robots are coming for all of our jobs,” Chen said. “These are not inevitable outcomes, they are human decisions, and they are almost always made by people who are driven by a profit motive that tends to exploit the poor and working class historically.”</p>
<p>Chase Copridge, a longtime California worker who’s done the gamut of gig jobs — Instacart, DoorDash, Amazon Flex, Uber, and Lyft — is one of the people stuck in that position, the victim of corporate tendencies on technological overdrive. He described seeing delivery offers that pay as little as $2. He turns those jobs down, knowing that it’s not economically worth it for him. But there might be someone else out there who picks it up. “We’re people who desperately need to make ends meet, who are willing to take the bare minimum that these companies are giving out to us,” he said. “People need to understand that these companies thrive off of exploitation.”</p>
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<aside><q>“Technology of course doesn’t have to exploit workers, it doesn’t have to mean robots are coming for all of our jobs”</q></aside>
</div>
<p>Not all decisions around automation are ones that increase productivity or improve really anything except corporate profits. Self-checkout stations may reduce the need for cashiers, but <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/10/2/17923050/self-checkout-amazon-walmart-automation-jobs-surveillance">are they really making the shopping experience faster or better</a>? Next time you go to the grocery store and inevitably screw up scanning one of your own items and waiting several minutes for a worker to appear, you tell me.</p>
<p>Despite technological advancements, <a href="https://www.vox.com/2015/7/27/9038829/automation-myth">productivity growth has been on the decline in recent years</a>. “This is the paradox of the last several decades, and especially since 2000, that we had enormous technological changes as we perceive it but measured productivity growth is quite weak,” Autor said. “One reason may be that we’re automating a lot of trivial stuff rather than important stuff. If you compare antibiotics and indoor plumbing and electrification and air travel and telecommunications to DoorDash and smartphones or self-checkout, it may just not be as consequential.”</p>
<p>Acemoglu said that when firms focus so much on automation and monitoring technologies, they might not explore other areas that could be more productive, such as creating new tasks or building out new industries. “Those are the things that I worry have fallen by the wayside in the last several years,” he said. “If your employer is really set on monitoring you really tightly, that biases things against new tasks because those are things that are not easier to monitor.”</p>
<p>It matters what you automate, and not all automation is equally beneficial, not only to workers but also to customers, companies, and the broader economy.</p>
<p>Grappling with how to handle technological advancements and the ways they change people’s lives, including at work, is no easy task. While the robot revolution isn’t taking everyone’s jobs, <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2020/how-many-jobs-robots-replace-0504">automation is taking some of them</a>, especially in areas such as manufacturing. And it’s just making work different: A machine may not eliminate a position entirely, but it may turn a more middle-skill job into a low-skill job, bringing lower pay with it. Package delivery jobs used to come with a union, benefits, and stable pay; with the rise of the gig economy, that’s declining. If and when self-driving trucks arrive, <a href="https://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/driverless/">there will still be some low-quality jobs needed</a> to complete tasks the robots can’t.</p>
<p>“The issue that we’ve faced in the US economy is that we’ve lost a lot of middle-skill jobs so people are being pushed down into lower categories,” Autor said. “Automation historically has tended to take the most dirty and dangerous and demeaning jobs and hand them over to machines, and that’s been great. What’s happened in the last bunch of decades is that automation has affected the middle-skill jobs and left the hard, interesting, creative jobs and the hands-on jobs that require a lot of dexterity and flexibility but don’t require a lot of formal skills.”</p>
<p>But again, none of this is inevitable. Companies are able to leverage technology to get the most out of workers because workers often don’t have power to push back, enforce limits, or ask for more. Unionization has seen <a href="https://www.epi.org/unequalpower/publications/private-sector-unions-corporate-legal-erosion/">steep declines</a> in recent decades. America’s labor laws and regulations are designed around full-time work, meaning gig companies don’t have to offer health insurance or help fund unemployment. But the laws could — and many would argue should — be modernized.</p>
<p>“The key thing is it’s not just technology, it’s a question of labor power, both collectively and individually,” Bix said. “There are a lot of possible outcomes, and in the end, technology is a human creation. It’s a product of social priorities and what gets developed and adopted.”</p>
<p>Maybe the robot apocalypse isn’t here yet. Or it is, and many of us aren’t quite recognizing it, in part because we got some of the story wrong. The problem isn’t really the robot, it’s what your boss wants the robot to do.</p>
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source <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22557895/automation-robots-work-amazon-uber-lyft">https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22557895/automation-robots-work-amazon-uber-lyft</a>

vox Robots were supposed to take our jobs. Instead, they’re making them worse.

The robot revolution is always allegedly just around the corner. In the utopian vision, technology emancipates human labor from repetitive,...

How to be a good ancestor

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<p>In 2015, 20 residents of Yahaba, a small town in northeastern Japan, went to their town hall to take part in a unique experiment.</p>
<p>Their goal was to design policies that would shape the future of Yahaba. They would debate questions typically reserved for politicians: Would it be better to invest in infrastructure or child care? Should we promote renewable energy or industrial farming?</p>
<p>But there was a twist. While half the citizens were invited to be themselves and express their own opinions, the remaining participants were asked to put on special ceremonial robes and play the part of people from the future. Specifically, they were told to imagine they were from the year 2060, meaning they’d be representing the interests of a future generation during group deliberations.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.souken.kochi-tech.ac.jp/seido/wp/SDES-2017-19.pdf">What unfolded</a> was striking. The citizens who were just being themselves advocated for policies that would boost their lifestyle in the short term. But the people in robes advocated for much more radical policies — from massive health care investments to climate change action — that would be better for the town in the long term. They managed to convince their fellow citizens that taking that approach would benefit their grandkids. In the end, the entire group reached a consensus that they should, in some ways, act against their own immediate self-interest in order to help the future.</p>
<p>This experiment marked the beginning of Japan’s <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/18/7796">Future Design</a> movement. What started in Yahaba has since been replicated in city halls around the country, feeding directly into real policymaking. It’s one example of a burgeoning global attempt to answer big moral questions: Do we owe it to future generations to take their interests into account? What does it look like to incorporate the preferences of people who don’t even exist yet? How can we be good ancestors?</p>
<p>Several Indigenous communities have long embraced the principle of “seventh-generation decision making,” which involves weighing how choices made today will affect a person born seven generations from now. In fact, it’s that kind of thinking that inspired Japanese economics professor Tatsuyoshi Saijo to create the Future Design movement (he learned about the concept while visiting the US and found it extraordinary).</p>
<p>But most of us probably haven’t given much thought to how we can become good ancestors. As a quote attributed to Groucho Marx puts it: “Why should I care about future generations — what have they ever done for me?”</p>
<p>It’s also just genuinely hard to focus on the future when we’re struggling under the weight of our day-to-day problems, and when everything in society — from our political structures (think two- and four-year election cycles) to our consumerist technologies (think Amazon’s “Buy Now” button) — seems to favor short-term solutions.</p>
<p>And yet, failing to think long term is a huge problem. Threats like climate change, pandemics, and rapidly emerging technologies are making it clear that it’s not enough to adopt “sustainability” as a buzzword. If we really want human life to be sustainable, we need to break out of our fixation on the present. Training ourselves to take the long view is arguably the best thing we can do for humanity.</p>
<p>Picture this: A child is drowning in front of you. You see her desperate limbs flailing in a pond, and you know you could easily wade into the waters and save her. Your clothes would get muddy, but your life wouldn’t be in any danger. Should you rescue her?</p>
<p>Of course you should.</p>
<p>Now, what if I told you that the child was on the other side of the world, in a village in Nepal. She’s drowning in a pond there right now. An adult just like you is passing by the pond and sees her flailing. Is it just as important for that adult to save her as it is for you to save the child near you?</p>
<p>Hilary Greaves, a philosopher at the University of Oxford, thinks you should answer yes. “I’d hope that most reasonable people would agree that pain and suffering on the other side of the world matter just as much as pain and suffering here,” she said. In other words, spatial distance is morally irrelevant.</p>
<p>“And if you think that, then it’s pretty hard to see why the case of temporal distance would be any different,” Greaves continued. “If there’s a child suffering terribly in 300 years’ time, and this is completely predictable — and there’s just as much that you could do about it as there is that you could do about the suffering of a child today — it’d be pretty strange to think that just because it’s in the future it’s less important.”</p>
<p>This hypothetical <strong>—</strong> an adaptation of a <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/12/6/20992100/peter-singer-effective-altruism-lives-you-can-save-animal-liberation">classic Peter Singer thought experiment</a> — highlights the idea that future lives matter, and that we should care about improving them just like we care about improving those of people alive today.</p>
<p>Roman Krznaric, a research fellow at the <a href="https://longnow.org/">Long Now Foundation</a> and the author of the new book <a href="https://www.romankrznaric.com/"><em>The Good Ancestor</em></a>, offers an even starker analogy. “If it’s wrong to plant a bomb on a train that kills a bunch of children right now, it’s also wrong to do it if it’s going to go off in 10 minutes or 10 hours or 10 years,” he told me. “I think we shouldn’t be afraid of making that moral argument.”</p>
<p>And, increasingly, people <em>are</em> making that moral argument. “Legal struggles for the rights of future people are exploding around the world,” Krznaric said.</p>
<p>In 2015, 21 young Americans filed a landmark case against the government — <em>Juliana v. United States</em> — in which they argued that its failure to confront climate change will have serious effects on both them and future generations, which constitutes a violation of their rights.</p>
<p>In 2019, 15 children and teens in Canada filed a <a href="https://davidsuzuki.org/project/youth-climate-lawsuit/#editor-1">similar lawsuit</a>. That same year, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/climate/netherlands-climate-lawsuit.html">issued a groundbreaking ruling</a> ordering the government to cut its greenhouse gas emissions, citing its duty of care to current and future generations.</p>
<p>This past April, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/29/historic-german-ruling-says-climate-goals-not-tough-enough">Germany’s Federal Constitutional Court</a> likewise ruled that the government’s current climate measures weren’t good enough to protect future generations, giving it until the end of 2022 to improve its carbon emissions targets.</p>
<p>Also in April, <a href="http://climatecasechart.com/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2021/20210415_13410_judgment.pdf">Pakistan’s Supreme Court</a> ruled against the expansion of the <a href="https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/10/10/20904213/climate-change-steel-cement-industrial-heat-hydrogen-ccs">cement industry</a>, which is terrible for the climate, in certain areas of Punjab. In the decision, the presiding justice wrote: “The tragedy is that tomorrow’s generations aren’t here to challenge this pillaging of their inheritance. The great silent majority of future generations is rendered powerless and needs a voice. This Court should be mindful that its decisions also adjudicate upon the rights of the future generations of this country.”</p>
<p>Krznaric, who was surprised and delighted to find his book cited in the court proceedings, told me, “These lawyers and judges are trying to find a language to talk about something they know is right, and it’s about intergenerational justice. Law is generally slow, but stuff is happening fast.”</p>
<p>The push to embrace this kind of thinking isn’t limited to the courts. A few countries have already created government agencies dedicated to thinking about policy in the very long term. Sweden has a “<a href="https://link.vox.com/click/24306013.12223/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudmljZS5jb20vZW4vYXJ0aWNsZS9lenA0YW0vc3dlZGVucy1taW5pc3Rlci1vZi10aGUtZnV0dXJlLWV4cGxhaW5zLWhvdy10by1tYWtlLXBvbGl0aWNpYW5zLXRoaW5rLWxvbmctdGVybQ/608adc2491954c3cef02e6bfBbe163a51">Ministry of the Future</a>,” and <a href="https://link.vox.com/click/24306013.12223/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZnV0dXJlZ2VuZXJhdGlvbnMud2FsZXMvdGVhbS9zb3BoaWUtaG93ZS8/608adc2491954c3cef02e6bfB9c14786e">Wales</a> and the <a href="https://link.vox.com/click/24306013.12223/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYXJhYm5ld3MuY29tL25vZGUvMTQ0OTgwMS9idXNpbmVzcy1lY29ub215/608adc2491954c3cef02e6bfB1b9a94dc">United Arab Emirates</a> both have something similar.</p>
<p>Prominent figures in other countries are pushing their governments in that direction. For example, philosopher <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21728925/charity-10-percent-tithe-giving-what-we-can-toby-ord">Toby Ord</a>, who spearheads a British nonprofit called the Centre for Long-Term Resilience, published a <a href="https://11f95c32-710c-438b-903d-da4e18de8aaa.filesusr.com/ugd/e40baa_8692f88bd29f483aa5f77656c8bd4888.pdf">report</a> in June urging the UK to appoint a chief risk officer who would be responsible for sussing out and preparing for extreme risks.</p>
<p>“By my estimate, the likelihood of the world experiencing an existential catastrophe over the next 100 years is one in six — Russian Roulette,” Ord <a href="https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/fhi-experts-call-on-uk-government-to-prepare-for-extreme-risks-in-new-report-future-proof/">said</a>. “We cannot survive many centuries operating at a level of extreme risk like this.”</p>
<p>Ord emphasizes that humanity is highly vulnerable to dangers in two realms: biosecurity and artificial intelligence. Powerful actors could develop <a href="https://www.vox.com/2020/5/1/21243148/why-some-labs-work-on-making-viruses-deadlier-and-why-they-should-stop">bioweapons</a>, and individuals could misuse advances in synthetic biology to create man-made pandemics that are much worse than those that occur naturally. AI could <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/12/21/18126576/ai-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-safety-alignment">outstrip human-level intelligence</a> in the coming decades and, if not aligned with our values and goals, could wreak havoc on human life. These are potential existential risks to humanity, and we need to devote a lot more time and money to mitigating them.</p>
<p>On both sides of the Atlantic, intellectuals in recent years have formed organizations dedicated to cultivating long-term thinking. While Ord has been busy building the Centre for Long-Term Resilience in the UK, for example, Ari Wallach has been working on <a href="https://www.longpath.org/">Longpath</a> in the US. Operating under the motto “Be Great Ancestors,” Longpath gathers together CEOs, academics, and other individuals to do exercises meant to counter short-term thinking, from practicing mindfulness to <a href="https://www.longpath.org/futureme">writing letters to their future selves</a>.</p>
<p>There’s a story in the Talmud that Wallach likes to tell participants: “One day, a man named Honi was walking along and saw a man planting a carob tree. Honi asked him, ‘How many years will it take until it will bear fruit?’ He said, ‘Not for 70 years.’ Honi said, ‘Do you really believe you’ll live another 70 years?’ The man answered, ‘I found this world provided with carob trees, and as my ancestors planted them for me, so I too plant them for my descendants.’”</p>
<p>What the man expresses in the story is gratitude toward his ancestors, and it’s that emotion that propels him to look out for his future descendants. The story captures a truth about human psychology that has since been validated in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494420306824?dgcid=rss_sd_all">scientific studies</a>: Eliciting gratitude in people is an effective behavioral nudge for getting them to act in the best interests of future generations.</p>
<p>“When people evoke feelings of gratitude (through prayer, counting blessings, etc.), the result on decisions is one of patience and value for the future relative to the present. We find they become more generous and even extract fewer resources from common resource pools,” David DeSteno, a psychology professor at Northeastern University, told me. “If gratitude makes you willing to extract fewer resources in the present (e.g., fish), they (e.g., fish stocks) can replenish or remain for future generations. Of course, this reduces immediate profit.”</p>
<p>DeSteno’s words highlight a fundamental tension: If we really care about creating a sustainable future for humanity, we may need to be willing to sacrifice some short-term gains.</p>
<p>But Wallach doesn’t think we need to frame this as a tough trade-off at all. He doesn’t ask people to sacrifice the concrete pleasures of today for the abstract rewards of tomorrow. Instead, he’s found it more effective to highlight how acting altruistically toward future generations can actually bring us pleasure now.</p>
<p>“When we ask people if they want to be the great ancestor that the future needs them to be, as part of what gives them meaning and purpose, they are no longer under the spell of lifespan bias,” he told me. “They see themselves as part of something larger. They are no longer being asked to sacrifice for the future, but to enhance their own sense of meaning and purpose in their present.”</p>
<p>If you’ve gotten this far and you’re convinced that you should look out for future generations, you’re already ahead of lots of people. But it might interest you to know that some philosophers think longtermism — the idea that we should be concerned with ensuring that the future goes well — doesn’t actually go far enough.</p>
<p>Both Greaves and another Oxford philosopher, Will MacAskill, advocate for <a href="https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Case-for-Strong-Longtermism-GPI-Working-Paper-June-2021-2.pdf">strong longtermism</a>, which says that impacts on the far future aren’t just an important feature of our actions — they’re the <em>most</em> important feature. And when they say far future, they really mean <em>far</em>: They argue we should be thinking about the consequences of our actions not just one or five or seven generations from now, but thousands or even millions of years ahead.</p>
<p>Their reasoning goes like this: There are going to be far more people alive in the future than there are in the present or have been in the past. Of all the human beings who will ever be alive in the universe, the vast majority will live in the future.</p>
<p>If our species lasts for as long as Earth remains a habitable planet, we’re talking about at least 1 quadrillion people coming into existence — 100,000 times the population of Earth today. (Even if you think there’s only a 1 percent chance that our species lasts for as long as Earth is habitable, the math still means the number of future people outstrips the number of present people.) And if humans settle in space one day, we could be looking at an even longer, more populous future for our species.</p>
<p>Now, if you believe that all humans count equally regardless of where or when they live (remember the drowning-child-in-Nepal thought experiment?), you have to think about the impacts of our actions on all their lives. Since there are far more people to affect in the future — because most people who’ll ever exist will exist in the future — it follows that the impacts that matter most are those that affect future humans.</p>
<p>That’s how the argument goes, anyhow. And if you buy it, it might dramatically change some of your choices in life. Instead of donating to soup kitchens or charities that save kids from malaria today, you may donate to researchers who are figuring out how to ensure that tomorrow’s AI will be aligned with human values. Instead of devoting your career to being a family doctor, you may devote it to research on pandemic prevention. You’d know there’s only a tiny probability your donation or actions will help humanity avoid catastrophe, but you’d reason that it’s worth it — if your bet does pay off, the payoff would be enormous.</p>
<p>But you might not buy this argument at all. You might object that you can’t reliably predict the effects of your actions in one year, never mind 1,000 years, so it doesn’t make sense to invest a lot of resources in trying to positively impact the future when the effects of your actions might wash out in a few years or decades.</p>
<p>That’s a very reasonable objection. Greaves acknowledges that in a lot of cases, we suffer from “moral cluelessness” about the downstream effects of our actions. “But,” she told me, “that’s not the case for all actions.”</p>
<p>She recommends targeting issues that come with “lock-in” opportunities, or ways of doing good that result in the positive benefits being locked in for a long time. For example, you could pursue a career aimed at establishing national or international norms around carbon emissions, or nuclear bombs, or regulations for labs that deal with dangerous pathogens. These actions are almost certain to do good — the kind of good that won’t be undone quickly.</p>
<p>“It’s in the nature of a lock-in mechanism that the effects of your actions persist for an extremely long time,” Greaves said. “So it gets rid of your concern that the effects will keep getting dampened and dampened as you get further into the future.”</p>
<p>You might object to strong longtermism on different grounds, though. You might think, perhaps not unfairly, that it smacks of privilege — that it’s easy to take such a position when you live in relative prosperity, but that people living in miserable conditions today need our help now, and we have a duty to ease their suffering.</p>
<p>In fact, you might reject the premise that all humans count equally regardless of when they live. Maybe you think we have an especially strong duty to humans who are alive in the present because aggregated effects on people’s welfare aren’t the only things that matter — things like justice matter too. We might owe it to disadvantaged groups today to help them out, possibly as reparations for harm done in the past through colonialism or slavery.</p>
<p>When I voiced this objection to Greaves, she admitted it’s plausible that thinking, utilitarian-style, only about what would be the better outcome doesn’t exhaust the moral story — that maybe we should take virtues such as justice into account. But she said it’s still a mistake to think that that obviously sways the balance in favor of present people. If justice is in the picture, she rebutted, why shouldn’t justice also apply to future people?</p>
<p>“Take the case of reparations. If you think that there are some people we owe reparations to because of wrongs done in the past that are affecting their interests now, and in some of those cases you’re talking about wrongs that were done hundreds of years ago, that quite nicely makes the point that bad things we do now can — via the route of justice — have adverse impacts in a couple hundred years’ time,” Greaves said. “So you might think it’s a matter of justice that we owe it to future generations to bequeath them both an existence in the first place and the conditions for their flourishing.”</p>
<p>It’s worth noting that Greaves does not find it easy to live her philosophy. She told me she feels awful whenever she walks past a homeless person. She’s acutely aware she’s not supporting that individual or the larger cause of ending homelessness because she’s supporting longtermist causes instead.</p>
<p>“I feel really bad, but it’s a limited sense of feeling bad because I do think it’s the right thing to do given that the counterfactual is giving to these other [longtermist] causes that are more effective,” she said. “The morally appropriate thing is to occupy this kind of middle space where you’re still gripped by present-day suffering but you recognize there’s an even more important thing you can do with the limited resources.”</p>
<p>Not everyone will agree with this reasoning, and that’s perfectly okay. You can agree with longtermism without agreeing with strong longtermism.</p>
<p>You can also decide that strong longtermism is pretty intellectually convincing, but you’re not confident enough in its claims that you want to devote 100 percent of your charitable donations or your time to exclusively longtermist causes. In that case, you can split your money (or time) into different buckets: You might decide that 50 percent of your donations go to longtermist issues and 50 percent go to causes like poverty, homelessness, or racial justice.</p>
<p>If you feel safer hedging your bets this way, you’re not alone. Even Greaves admits that it’s scary to commit fully to her philosophy. “It’s like you’re standing on a pin over a chasm,” she told me. “It feels dangerous, in a way, to throw all this altruistic effort at existential risk mitigation and probably do nothing, when you know that you could’ve done all this good for near-term causes.”</p>
<p>If you care about helping both present and future generations, you might want to think about things that check both boxes. This is the strategy Krznaric recommends. “Let’s find the sweet spot between our self-interest today and the future that even Groucho Marx might be happy with,” he said.</p>
<p>While Krznaric isn’t confident in our ability to predict the knock-on effects of technological shifts, he thinks it’s easier to say for sure that certain ecological shifts would be good. For example, if we donate to groups that make a positive difference in staving off climate change and preventing pandemics, that’s really good for us today and in the near future — <em>and</em> highly likely to be positive for the long-run future too.</p>
<p>“What do we know about human life, whether it’s today or in 200 years or 300 years?” he said. “We know that if there are any creatures like us, they’ll need air to breathe and water to drink. If you want to think long term, one of the best ways to do it is, don’t think about time, think about place.”</p>
<p>He cited biologists such as <a href="https://biomimicry.org/janine-benyus/">Janine Benyus</a>, who explains how some creatures have managed to survive for 10,000 generations and beyond: by taking care of the place that will take care of their offspring. They live within the boundaries of the ecosystem in which they’re embedded. They don’t foul the nest.</p>
<p>This focus on safeguarding place for both the present and the future could end up being an important line of research within longtermism. One advantage of this approach is that it’s not excessively morally demanding, whereas it’s maybe too demanding to say that we ought to devote most of our resources to improving the far future even when it comes at a serious cost to current interests.</p>
<p>Mind you, Greaves and MacAskill make a good point when they <a href="https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Case-for-Strong-Longtermism-GPI-Working-Paper-June-2021-2.pdf">write</a> that “even if, for example, there is an absolute cap on the total sacrifice that can be morally required, it seems implausible that society today is currently anywhere near that cap.”</p>
<p>Ultimately, the world doesn’t need everyone to focus all of their resources on the far future all the time — but we’re a long way from a situation where even a fraction of us are focusing even a fraction of our resources on it. Because long-term thinking is so neglected, it would probably do a lot of good if more of us were to direct more attention to making human life sustainable.</p>
<p>And if we think human life in the future might be full of awesome things like happiness and knowledge and beauty — or even if we think there’s just a decent chance it could be more good than bad — then thinking about how to increase the odds of such a future for later generations is really worth our time.</p>
<p>In fact, our lives may start to feel much more meaningful if we regularly pause to ask ourselves: How can I shape the larger story of humanity into something fruitful? What carob trees am I planting?</p>
<ul>
<li>Nick Beckstead’s 2013 philosophy <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8P94pg6WYCIc0lXSUVYS1BnMkE/view?resourcekey=0-nk6wM1QIPl0qWVh2z9FG4Q">dissertation</a>, “On the Overwhelming Importance of Shaping the Far Future,” set the groundwork for more recent philosophical work on longtermism.</li>
<li>Hilary Greaves and Will MacAskill’s <a href="https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/Hilary-Greaves-and-William-MacAskill_strong-longtermism.pdf">original working paper</a>, “The Case for Strong Longtermism,” frames the case in very strong terms: “For the purposes of evaluating actions, we can in the first instance often <em>simply ignore</em> all the effects contained in the first 100 (or even 1000) years, focussing primarily on the further-future effects. Short-run effects act as little more than tie-breakers.” The <a href="https://globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Case-for-Strong-Longtermism-GPI-Working-Paper-June-2021-2.pdf">revised version</a>, dated June 2021, leaves this passage out.</li>
<li>Hilary Greaves <a href="https://80000hours.org/podcast/episodes/hilary-greaves-global-priorities-institute/#learn-more">explains</a> “moral cluelessness” on the <em>80,000 Hours</em> podcast.</li>
<li>Toby Ord <a href="https://80000hours.org/podcast/episodes/why-the-long-run-future-matters-more-than-anything-else-and-what-we-should-do-about-it/">argues</a> the long-term future matters more than anything else, also on the <em>80,000 Hours</em> podcast.</li>
<li>Roman Krznaric has a running <a href="https://www.romankrznaric.com/good-ancestor/resources">list on his website</a> of organizations promoting long-term thinking, as well as an interesting <a href="https://www.romankrznaric.com/good-ancestor/intergenerational-solidarity-index">Intergenerational Solidarity Index</a>, a measure of how much different nations provide for the well-being of future generations.</li>
</ul>
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source <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22552963/how-to-be-a-good-ancestor-longtermism-climate-change">https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22552963/how-to-be-a-good-ancestor-longtermism-climate-change</a>

vox How to be a good ancestor

In 2015, 20 residents of Yahaba, a small town in northeastern Japan, went to their town hall to take part in a unique experiment. Their go...